Unit 1 and 2
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex, and helps regulate sodium and water?
aldosterone
Why are action potentials unidirectional along an axon?
inactivation of sodium channels = absolute refractory period
What is the volume of blood ejected per ventricle per beat called?
stroke volume
Which actions is are caused by angiotensin II?
increased release of aldosterone and ADH
peripheral vasoconstriction
How is anemia defined?
lack of red blood cells -> reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Which hormone lowers blood glucose?
insulin
Where does CRH act and what hormone is released as a result?
secreted by hypothalamus
binds to anterior pituitary
causes release of ACTH
How is cardiac output calculated?
SV times HR
What is the main form humans store glucose?
glycogen
Diabetes insipidus is caused by deficiency of which hormone?
ADH
Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Which hormone regulates anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
GnRH
Which term describes volume of blood ejected by the ventricle in one minute?
cardiac output
Through what blood vessels are most carbohydrate digestion products absorbed?
capillaries
Which disorder causes tachycardia, weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety?
hyperthyroidism
How does a pH 9 solution compare to pure water in hydrogen ions?
(pH of pure water is 7)
10^-9 / 10^-7
= 10^-2
1/100 folds less concentrated in hydrogen ions
What is hypercortisolism also called?
Cushing's Syndrome
Which factor most influences peripheral resistance?
radius
How do bile salts aid fat digestion?
emulsification, breaking fat into smaller droplets for enzyme access
Pheochromocytoma is characterized by elevated levels of which type of hormone?
Catecholamines
Compare the main carbohydrate storage forms in plants vs animals.
plants: starch and cellulose
animals: glycogen
What is a hallmark symptom of hyperaldosteronism?
high BP, due to the retaining of Na+ and then water follows by osmosis
What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) release?
low oxygen
Which vitamin needs a protein to be absorbed, and what is it?
vitamin b12, which requires intrinsic factor from the stomach