King of the Jungle
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bonus 100: Which one are we most closely related to?
*Most closely related to archaea
Give 3 differences between DNA and RNA
Sugar, Bases, Strands
Describe all parts of cell theory
1) Cells are the basic unit of life
2) Cells come from pre-existing cells
3) All organisms are made up of cells
Give me an example of a testable hypothesis (could be your own or from one of the experiments we talked about in class) vs an untestable hypothesis
Correct!
Draw a hydrogen bond that forms on the molecule I draw on the board.
Correct!
Fill in the Blank: Phylogenetic trees are made based on ______?
rRNA sequences!
Which bases pair with which and how many hydrogen bonds between each?
Bonus: Which are purines? Which are pyrimidines?
A to T, A to U, C to G
2 for A, 3 for C and G
Purines: A, G
Pyrimidines: C, U, T
What was spontaneous generation and how was it disproved? I WANT DETAILS.
Virchow - cells come from preexisting cells
Pasteur - SWAN NECK VS STRAIGHT NECK EXPERIMENT!
Describe what error bars are and what they tell you.
Representations of SEMs (show uncertainty in a measured value)
Significance
What determines polarity?
Electronegativity!
Evolution vs Natural Selection: Define both and what are differences/similarities?
*I'm looking for a specific difference to get points
Evolution - "descent with modification"; changes in heritable traits of a population, due to changes in the genome, that are passed down from generation to generation
Natural Selection: a specific heritable trait that increases fitness is favored in an individual and is passed on
NATURAL SELECTIONS WORKS ON INDIVIDUAL
EVOLUTION WORKS ON POPULATIONS
What is a phosphodiester bond? Draw the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
Bond between 3' carbon and phosphate group attached to 5' carbon.
On the board
1) Be a product of evolution
2) Acquire and use energy
3) Be made up of one or more cells
4) Store and process information
5) Ability to reproduce
Give the equation for Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)
Write it on the board.
Order the bonds involved in tertiary protein structure from strongest to weakest.
Covalent (disulfide) > ionic > H-bonds > van Der waals/hydrophobic interactions
Define speciation
When a heritable trait is favored, due to increasing fitness or natural selection, and passed on in a population and that population diverges and forms a new species based on that "new" trait
How are phosphodiester bonds formed?
Bonus: name all the NTPS, dNTPS
E released from ripping off of two phosphates from an NTP (nucleoside triphosphate); water added for process to happen
CTP, GTP, UTP, ATP
CTP, GTP, TTP, ATP
Draw the relative locations of actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in the cell
On the board.
Why are larger sample sizes preferred to small sample sizes?
LESS ERROR!
Compare covalent, hydrogen, and ionic bonds.
Bonus: Why do covalent bonds have the most energy?
Fill in the Blank: Variation in populations is usually due to preexisting ______!
GENES!!!
How is the process of how phosphodiester bonds are formed different from the process of sugar breakdown?
One adds a P to form ATP from ADP
One breaks two phosphates from ATP
Define the functions of the following ORGANELLES:
Mitochondria, RER, Smooth ER, Lysosomes, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, Cell Membrane
Bonus: Are ribosomes considered organelles in eukaryotes? Why or why not?
Mito - ATP production
RER - protein synthesis
Smooth ER - lipid synthesis
Lysosomes - break down macromolcules so we can reuse them
Nucleus - direct activities of all organelles, mRNA synthesis, DNA replication, repair, etc.
Nucleolus - ribosome assembly
Golgi - protein transport
Cell Membrane - semipermeability
NO! not membrane bound
Name 5 components of a good experimental design and WHY those components are important.
1) Null Hypothesis - baseline if hypothesis is incorrect; validating that results could be due to chance
2) Hypothesis - need to know what you're testing!
3) Repetition - so others can do the experiment too & confirms results are reliable!
4) Constant Conditions - makes sure everything is consistent, which contributes to repetition
5) Control Group - Baseline to compare effects of experiment groups
Why are peptide bonds rigid and what does that prevent in peptide bonds?
Bond has partial double bond character
CANT ROTATE!