enzyme classifications
these enzymes catalyze REDOX reactions. they often have a cofactor that acts as an electron carrier.
oxidoreductases
what is the 2 carbon molecule that gets fed into the cycle?
acetyl CoA
how many times does a GPCR cross the membrane?
7
what are the two kinds of point mutations?
missense & nonsense
this process adds a CH3 (methyl) group to cytosine and adenine
DNA methylation
these enzymes catalyze the movement of a functional group from one molecule to another
transferases
what is the 4 carbon molecule made at the end of the cycle? (made in step 8 from malate)
oxaloacetate
name the three kinds of ion channels. (NOT cell receptors, specifically ion channels)
ungated, voltage-gated, ligand-gated
define a frameshift mutation
occurs when some number of nucleotides are added or deleted from an mRNA sequence. Shifts the reading frame.
name the 2 parts of a phospholipid
polar head (contains a phosphate group), hydrophobic fatty acid tail
these enzymes catalyze a reaction where a compound is broken into two molecules using the addition of water.
hydrases
how many molecules of CO2 are produced per churn of the citric acid cycle (per 1 acetyl CoA)
2
what converts ATP --> cAMP in GPCR signalling
adenyl cyclase
Name 2 of the 3 stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG
how many complexes in the electron transport chain pump protons across the membrane?
3 (complexes 1, 3 and 4)
Lyases
the reaction that forms isocitrate from citrate is catalyzed by this kind of enzyme
isomerase (citrate and isocitrate are isomers)
what kind of ion channel is located in the axon?
voltage-gated
what are the 3 modifications that happen to mRNA before it is transported to the cytoplasm?
splicing, adding 5' cap, adding 3' poly A tail
enzymes that have multiple binding sites are called...
allosteric enzymes
These enzymes catalyze addition or synthesis reactions. these reactions often require ATP
Ligases
This amino acid is located in the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction in step 5 of the cycle (forming succinate from siccinyl CoA)
Histidine (R group accepts a phosphate group, this phosphate is used to make GTP)
How is the GPCR system activated?
the ligand binds, a GTP molecule REPLACES GDP (this is the main point), then the alpha subunit activates adenyl cyclase
these proteins assist in the protein-folding process.
chaperones
saturation/unsaturation in fatty acids refers to...
the number of H's/the number of C-C double bonds (either answer ok)