Embryo
failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse results in what?
What is a patent foramen ovale (PFO)?
______________ describes the volume of blood being pumped by the heart per unit time.
What is cardiac output?
___________ is an antiarrhythmic that has the known side effect of pulmonary toxicity/fibrosis.
What is amiodarone?
Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy usually occurs due to ___________ and is characterized by increased local expression of what two chemical mediators?
Bonus: How do you treat LVH?
What is chronic hypertension? What are angiotensin II and endothelin (potent vasoconstrictors)
Bonus: What are angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
Ostium ______ ASDs are the most common type of ASDs in adults.
What is secundum?
What 3 things affect stroke volume?
What is Contractility, Afterload and Preload?
decreased afterload increases SV, increased preload increases SV
What is the MOA of Digoxin?
What is blocks Na+/K+ ATPase --> increases intracellular Na+ --> decreases Na+/Ca++ exchanger activity --> increases intracellular Ca++ --> increases contractility?
What is the most common cause of acute pericarditis?
What is a viral infection?
Commonly coxsackie and b or echovirus
The right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to what major structure?
What is the superior vena cava?
The _________ artery supplies the lateral wall of the L ventricle and demonstrates ST-segment elevation in ECG leads V5, V6, I and aVL.
What is the L circumflex?
Myocardial demand is increased by what 4 things?
What is CARD?
^ Contractility
^ Afterload
^ Rate
^ Diameter of ventricle
What is an example of two non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and a major cardiac contraindication?
What are verapamil and diltiazem?
What is HFrEF? (may decrease cardiac contractility)
What is the difference between dry beriberi and wet beriberi and what is their shared etiology?
What is Thiamine (B1) deficiency?
Dry beriberi is predominated by peripheral neuropathy and wet beriberi is precdominated by heart failure
What structure does the primitive pulmonary vein give rise to?
What is the smooth part of the left atrium?
What coronary artery supplies the inferior surface of the heart?
Bonus: An MI in this artery would present with ST elevation in what leads?
What is the right coronary artery? (in R dominant (85-90%))
Bonus: What are leads II, III and avF?
Nitrates predominantly affect what types of vasculature?
Bonus: How do nitrates affect preload?
What are large veins?
Bonus: What is "reduce preload"?
Congenital rubella infection can cause what cardiac defects?
What is ASD and PDA?
Allantois/urachus becomes what structure postnatally?
What is the median umbilical ligament?
Where is the ectopic foci usually located in A-fib versus A-flutter?
What is the pulmonary vein ostia (L atrium) vs what is the cavotricuspid isthmus (R atrium)?
What cardiac implication comes from a black widow spider bite?
What is myocarditis?
What is carcinoid heart disease, and what cardiac presentations is it characterized by?
Bonus: How do you diagnose it?
What a condition caused by excess serotonin production leading to fibroblast growth/fibrogenesis which generates well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors usually in distal small intestine and proximal colon with strong propensity for hepatic metastasis?
Characterized by valvular plaque-like deposits of fibrous in heart (R>L) leading to tricuspid regurg, pulmonic valvulopathy and R sided heart failure
Dx: levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) which is end product of serotonin metabolism--> elevated 24-hr 5-HIAA helps dx