ETC
Match the following with their correct function
1) NADH
2) O2
a) electron acceptor
b) electron donor
1) NADH is an electron donor
2) O2 is an electron acceptor
What is inhibited by cyanide, azide, CO?
complex IV
Triggers/Regulators of glucogenesis
during rest (after Cori cycle is completed)
increased glucose (and insulin)
Regulation: ATP and UTP
What are the 3 possible fates of pyruvate?
glycolysis
glycogenesis
glyconeogenesis
Describe the first step of alcohol metabolism
ethanol-->acetaldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase
ETC's function is to move electrons from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space, thus establishing a gradient.
Describe this gradient (general)
Creates a proton gradient with the outside of the membrane being more positive than the inside
What is inhibited by barbituates and rotenone?
complex I
Triggers and regulators of glycogenolysis
Trigger: during fasting state
Regulators: glucagon and epinephrine
What type of PPP occurs during low levels of NADPH?
Is it reversible or irreversible?
Oxidative
irreversible
Describe the 2nd step of alcohol metabolism
acetaldehyde --> acetate via mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase
List the ETC complexes/electron carriers in order
Complex I
CoQ
Complex II
Complex III
Cytochrome C
Complex IV
What is inhibited by myxothiazol?
electron transfer from UQH2 and Complex 3
What is different about glycogenolysis in muscle cells?
G6P will enter glycolysis since there is no G6phosphatase in muscle
List the 3 steps that differ in gluconeogenesis and their general mechanisms including the enzymes and general reactions
1. glucose --> Glucose-6-Phosphate
Enzyme: glucose-6-phosphatase
3. fructuose-6-phosphate -->fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
Enzyme: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
8. PEP --> pyruvate
Enzyme: PEP carboxykinase
Extra Step: pyruvate --> OAA (via pyruvate carboxylase)
T/F: acetate is toxic whereas acetaldehyde is not
False: acetaldehyde is toxic
What is the main function of the ETC?
producing ATP and H2O
What is inhibited by oligomycin and DCCD
Describe glycogen structure
branched a-D-glucose polysaccharide with glycogenin core
-primary glycosidic bond at a-1,4 followed by a-1,6 every 8-10 residues
What type of PPP occurs during high levels of NADPH?
Is it reversible or irreversible?
nonoxidative
reversible
Dehydrogenases used in alcohol metabolism rely on what substrate to work?
NAD+
Describe the general MOA of ATP synthase
after H+ are pumped to cytosol of inner mito, they reenter matrix via F0 domain causing rotation of F0 which allows F1 to bind ADP+P to phosphorylate to ATP
MOA of for cyanide, Azide, CO????
binds tightly to Fe3+
Match the following enzymes with their correct functions:
1. amylo-α(1→4) → α(1→6)-transglucosidase
2. glycogen synthase
3. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
4. phosphoglucomutase
5. glycogenin
a) conversion of G-6-P to G-1-P
b) formation of α(1→4) linkages in glycogen/elongation
c) transfer of glucose molecules from UDP-glucose to produce a short, α(1→4)- linked glucosyl chain.
d) synthesis of UDP-glucose
3) glycogen branching
1. e?
2. b)
3. d)
4. a)
5. c?
Nonoxidative PPP returns to the glycolysis pathway at what steps?
fructose-6-phosphate and G3P
Chronic alcoholism typically should be treated with what first?
thiamine