DNA
What sort of structure is DNA?
Double helix/ double strand
What are proteins made out of?
Amino acids
Why are cells essential to evolution?
They are the basic units of life
6-7 million years ago
What indicates a common ancestor within two different species? Must list at least two.
If they have very similar sets of proteins, chromosomes, or DNA sequences.
What does protein/amino acid evidence show?
The closeness of species dependent on their amino acid similarities
What does membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in all living organisms show?
The common origin of life and the basic design of organisms
What percentage of human and chimpanzee DNA is similar?
98%
Divergent evolution is as a result of what?
What is haemoglobin?
A protein found in the blood of animals that is used to transport oxygen and compare evolutionary changes.
When cells copy DNA, they can make errors. What process is used to repair the mistake?
Mitosis
Why are humans and chimpanzees considered to be closely related? Answer using biochemical terms
They both have similar sequences of bases in DNA and amino acids in proteins
What are universal processes?
ATP as an energy carrier
What are mutations, and how do they contribute to protein evolution?
Changes in amino acid sequence of a protein that happen slowly over generations
Darwin argued species gradually diverge over time from common ancestors, what do biochemical structures determine about this: similarities in DNA, metabolic processes etc.
When comparing different organisms, there are many differences, meaning that there DNA makeup is more varied, are not closely related - showing the divergence over time
What are the 4 nucleotide bases that make up DNA genetic material? Must list at least 3.
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine
What impact does DNA have on amino acids and proteins?
DNA carries the code for amino acids, and amino acids are then the building blocks for proteins
What are the four major biological macromolecules found in living cells?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is comparative protein sequence analysis as biochemical evidence of common ancestry?
It shows that more similar protein sequences share a more recent common ancestor, confirming Darwin's principle of descent with modification.