Chemistry & Carbon
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Chemical reactions
IPF
100
What is an organic compound?
A compound made of primarily carbon atoms.
100
What functional groups are typical for a carbohydrate?
1) Alcohol and aldehyde or ketone
2) Acetal and hemiacetal
100
List some functions of proteins.
antibodies, enzymes, build and repair muscle
100
What are the monomers of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
100
What are 2 examples of Nucleic Acids?
DNA and RNA
100
What is the difference between reactants and products?
Reactants are the starting materials for the reaction and products are what is made during the reaction.
100
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
In this type of reaction, water is used to break down a larger molecule (often a polymer) into smaller units.
100
Water molecules are held together by what type of bonds?
What are hydrogen bonds?
200
Why the terms "proton" and "Hydrogen ion" can be used interchangeably?
Because proton is all that is left if Hydrogen atom loses its only electron.
200
What is a monosaccharide?
The simple sugar, like glucose or galactose, which when bonded together create larger di, tri, etc. saccharides.
200
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
200
What are some functions of lipids?
Insulation, Protection, Long term energy, energy storage, cell membranes, hormones, waterproof coverings.
200
Nucleic Acids are made of thousands of monomers called this.
What is nucleotide?
200
What is the difference between an endothermic and exothermic reaction?
Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release. Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb.
200
Describe the difference between condensation and hydrolysis reactions
Condensation is when a water is removed to synthesize or make a bigger molecule. Hydrolysis is when water is added to break a molecule into smaller parts.
200
Water is a polar molecule. Describe what makes it a polar molecule.
One part of the molecule has a slight positive charge (hydrogen side) and one part has a slight negative charge (oxygen side).
300
What is a polymer?
Long molecules assembled from small repeating units (Monomers) bonded to each other.
300
List the 3 polymers of glucose
Starch, glycogen and cellulose
300
What are the characteristic functional groups of protein?
An amide, and amine, and a carboxylic acid
300
Give some examples of lipids.
fats, oils, waxes, steroids, butter, olive oil
300
Which is the function of Nucleic Acids?
To store and carry genetic information.
300
What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme?
An enzyme is a type of catalyst that speeds up reactions in living things.
300
Two or more substances physically but not chemically combined.
What is a mixture?
400
Bond formed between 2 amino acids
What is a peptide bond?
400
This type of lipid has three fatty acid tails.
What is a triglyceride?
400
Describe the molecular structure of a nucleotide.
Sugar molecule attached to a phosphate group and also attached to a base.
400
Explain how an enzyme works (include the terms substrate, bonds, active site, products and reusable).
An enzyme works by binding the substrates at the active site and weakening the bonds therefore allowing the reaction to occur faster to produce the products. Once the products are made, the enzyme does not get used up and can be reused.
400
Scale used to measure acids and bases. Describe the range and where acids and bases fall on this scale.
The pH scale measures acids and bases. It runs from 1-14 with acids being from 1-6.9 and bases being from 7.1 - 14. Seven is neutral.
500
Describe the difference between a molecule and an ion
Molecule is composed of atoms which are covalently bonded to obtain stable electron configuration. Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that lost or gained electrons.
500
Plants make this polysaccharide.
What is cellulose?
500
Draw a generic structure of an amino acid.
Center Carbon attached to a hydrogen, amine group, carboxyl group and R group which is specific to each amino acid.
500
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?
Saturated fats have all single bonds and are solids at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond and are liquids at room temperature.
500
Are nucleic acids polymers? Explain how you know this.
Yes because they are large molecules made up of smaller repeating units.
500
What 2 things affect enzymes and how do they affect them?
Temperature and pH affect enzymes. If temperature and pH are not at the right conditions, the enzyme will get denatured which means it will change shape and the substrates will no longer recognize the enzyme.
500
Water is the universal solvent. Why is this important to living organisms?
Water dissolves many different substances in the body and allows for chemical reactions to take place in the living things.