Water
This bond gives water its unusual properties
Hydrogen bond
name for an amino acid at neutral pH
Zwitter-ion
Strongest stabilizer of native proteins
Disulfide bonds (covalent bonds)
Protein Bound prosthetic group
Heme
-made of protoporphyrin ring with Fe2+ bound
Catalytic RNA molecules are called
Ribozymes
Clustering of non-polar regions/molecules
Hydrophobic effect
___ amino acids absorbs the most UV light at ___ nm
Aromatic (Trp) at 280nm
Help proteins to fold properly
Chaperones
ex: HSP
What binds to free Heme better carbon monoxide (CO) or Oxygen (O2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
because of directionality
Complex organic molecules that carry specific functional groups
Coenzymes
Solution has lower osmolarity than cytosol
Hypotonic
What is in the resin of affinity Chromatography
Ligand (protein specific)
Name the 1 letter abbreviation for the Amino Acids in B-turns
P and G
Proline and Glycine
This disease is characterized by a mutation E6V causing deoxygenated hemoglobin to be insoluble and aggregate.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Decrease Vmax and decrease in Km are which inhibition type?
Uncompetitive inhibition
Due to waters ability to slightly ionize this phenomenon occurs as Hydrogens travel between water molecules
Proton Hopping
3 steps for Purifying Proteins
1) Crude extract-lyse tissue to release protein in solution
2) Fractionation- Separate proteins based on size or charge (usually with salt
3) Dialysis- use semi-permeable membrane to separate proteins from small solute
What is Vitamin C required for?
Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine in collagen
Catalyzes the hydration of CO2 into bicarbonate
CO2 + H2O <-> H+ + HCO3-
Carbonic anyhdrase
Mechanism by which enzymes undergo conformational changes when substrate binds
Induced Fit
Acetic acid has a pKa of pKa=4.76 Using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation if there is 25mmol of acetic acid and 25mmol of acetate is added what is the pH?
pH = 4.76
Secondary structures are stabilized by ____ between ___
Hydrogen bonds
between backbone
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinsons, and Huntington are caused by ___
aggregation/deposition of insoluble proteins
States that each subunit of Hemoglobin can be in either conformation. Equilibrium is altered when ligands are bound favoring the R state
Sequential model
Protons from water are transferred between an enzyme and substrate to cleave and form bonds
Specific acid-base catalysis