Water
Macromolecules-General
Carbohydrates & Lipids
Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Enzymes
100
The most abundant compound in living things
What is water?
100
The four major macromolecules
What are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
100
The main function of a carbohydrate is ____, whereas the main function of a lipid is _____.
Carbohydrates-main source of energy Lipids-stored energy, cushioning or insulation
100
What element is present in proteins that is not present in lipids or carbohydrates?
What is nitrogen?
100
Define an enzyme.
An enzyme is a special type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without being used up in the process. For this reason, it is sometimes called an "organic catalyst".
200
The attraction of the molecules of one substance to another substance
What is adhesion?
200
Glucose, C6H12O6, is considered organic because:
It contains carbon
200
A student consumes an apple. What type of monomer likely predominates in this food?
Since an apple is a fruit, it likely contains more sugars, or carbohydrates, than anything else. As the question seeks to MONOMER for this macromolecule, it likely contains lots of monosaccharides.
200
Proteins are built from monomers called ________, while nucleic acids are built from monomers called _________.
Proteins are built from subunits called amino acids, while nucleic acids are built from subunits called nucleotides.
200
What is activation energy?
As the words imply, activation energy is the energy needed to activate, or begin, a chemical reaction. Enzymes act by reducing the AE, thereby allowing reactions to take place more easily and more quickly.
300
the attraction of the molecules of one substance to other molecules of the same substance
What is cohesion?
300
Identify two inorganic substances, and explain why they are inorganic.
AWV, but could include: H2O, NH3, CaCl2, NaCl, or any other chemical compound that does NOT contain carbon.
300
How can you distinguish healthy (saturated) fats from unhealthy (saturated) fats?
Generally speaking, healthy fats are liquids at room temperature, so most oils fall into this category. Saturated fats tend to solid at room temperature, so butter, lard, and other animal fat products fall into this less healthy category.
300
A researcher discovers a new macromolecule that appears to transmit genetic information. How would you classify the macromolecule?
Of the four known macromolecules, the group which appears to be most similar is nucleic acids. Other known nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are already know to carry and/or transmit genetic information.
300
The chemicals with which an enzyme interact are called ___.
What are substrates?
400
The strong cohesion of water is responsible for ____ ____, the capacity of water to support objects on its surface, while the strong adhesion of water is responsible for the ability of water to rise in a thin tube, called ____ ____.
surface tension/capillary action
400
The indvidual subunit of a protein molecule is called an amino acid. Therefore, generally, an amino acid is an example of a ____, while a protein molecule is an example of a _____.
What is monomer/polymer?
400
Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls. Upon examination, it is discovered that cellulose is a polysaccharide. How would you classify this substance?
A polysaccharide is a complex sugar molecule. Therefore, it must be a carbohydrate.
400
The enzyme amylase is present in saliva, and helps to digest carbohydrates. Amylase is composed of appoximately 496 amino acids. Based on this information, how would you classify amylase?
Even though amylase breaks down carbohydrates, it is composed of amino acids. This must mean that it is a protein, as only proteins are composed of monomers known as amino acids.
400
Explain the lock and key theory of enzyme activity.
Enzymes interact with chemicals called substrates. Just as one key only opens one lock, only one set of substrates is capable of reacting with a particular enzyme. Thus, enzyme activity is very specific. In this analogy, the enzyme is thought of as the lock, and the substrates as the key/s.
500
Explain how the polarity of the water molecule contributes to the strong cohesion of water. Be sure to identify regions of positive and negative charge, and to explain how these charges influence the behavior of water.
Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Since oxygen contains more electrons, and since electrons have a negative charge, oxygen is more negative than the hydrogens, which are therefore more positive. This difference of charge over a distance is referred to as polarity. When adjacent water molecules come into contact, the positive charges of one water molecule's hydrogen atoms form weak attractions with the negative charges of the other molecule's oxygen atom. This weak, yet effective bond makes water far more cohesive than it would otherwise be.
500
Acetylene C2H2, contains a triple bond between the two carbon atoms. Methane, CH4, contains four single bonds. Speculate as to which molecule is more stable and less likely to break up.
Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds, which are in turn stronger than single bonds. Therefore, it requires far more energy to break up a double bond than a single, and more energy still to break up a triple bond. This means that, all else being equal, acetylene is probably more stable and more difficult to break up than methane.
500
Identify at least three foods that you think would be high in triglycerides.
A triglyceride is the monomer of a lipid (i.e., fat). Hence, any food with high fat content would count. Answers could include: candy, chocolate, ice cream (yum!), cake. etc.
500
Identify the four macromolecules, their functions in the human body, and a common food source of each.
The four macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Proteins provide the basic structure of the body, nucleic acids help carry genetic information, carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy, and lipids provide a stored form of energy, as well as cushioning and insulation. Proteins are found in meats and beans, nucleic acids are found in virtually all foods (i.e., all foods with nuclei), carbohydrates are plentiful in fruits and grains, and lipids, which should be consumed sparingly, are present in oils and fats of all sorts, such as olive oil or butter.
500
Examine the following enzymatic reaction: 2H2O2 ----> 2H2O + O2. This reaction is catalyzed in the human body by Catalase. For the above: identify the enzyme, the substrate/s, and the product/s.
Since the reaction is catalyzed by Catalase, this must be the enzyme. Since hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) reacts with catalase, this is most likely the substrate (it is also the reactant in the reaction). Finally, H2O and O2 are the products of this catalytic reaction
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