Nucleic Acids
The two principal types of nucleic acids
What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
These are the 4 types of Lipids
Fatty acids (sat/unsat)
Complex lipids (glycolipid/lipoprotein)
Glycerides (neutral/phosphoglyceride)
Nonglycerides (sphingolipid, steroids, waxes)
Ser
Serine (uncharged polar)
An enzyme that requires an additional chemical component of catalytic activity of a complex organic or metalloorganic molecule
Coenzyme
The first line of response
cellular and biochemical defence mechanisms in place before infection and poised to respond rapidly to infections
Innate Immunity
The type of bond that connects the monomers of DNA and RNA together
Phosphodiester bond
These are the 3 major functions of lipids?
1. Sturctural components of biological membranes
2. Energy reserves (TG)
3. Vitamins & hormones
2 major types of secondary structure
1. alpha helix
2. beta sheet
An enzyme that requires an additional chemical component for catalytic activity of one or more inorganic ions (Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+)
Cofactor
It is stimulated by exposure of infectious agents
develops as a response and adapts to the infection
It is VERY specific for distinct molecules and can remember and will respond more vigorously to repeated exposures to the same microbe
adaptive immunity
The gene DNA from which mature RNA is made
Exon
These are the characteristics of a saturated bond.
only single bonds, usually solids at room temperatures. High melting points
4 weak bonds that Tertiary structure is stabilized by
4 weak bonds that Tertiary structure is stabilized by:
1. Hydrophobic interactions
2. Hydrogen bonds
3. Van der Waals forces
4. Ionic bonds (electrostatic interactions)
The enzyme that functions for hydrolysis of urea
urease catalyase
Express CD4+ and differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17, or T-regulatory cells. Th# cells release chemo/cytokines (IL and IFN's), promote cellular response (activate some macros), and promote humoral immunity.
Helper T-cells
These are the stop codons
UAA
UGA
UAG
These are the characteristics of a unsaturated bond.
some double bonds, usually liquids at room temperature. Low melting points
Positively Charged Amino Acids
arginine, lysine, histidine
In the first step of glycolysis, hexokinase produces glucose-6-phosphate. G-6-P itself can also bind to hexokinase at the active site, blocking access to ATP. This is an example of
Feedback inhibition
Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what phagocytic cell type?
Macrophage
These are the cofactors of nucleotides.
NAD/NADH, NADP/NADPH, FAD/FADH2, and ATP
The double bonds in natural unsaturated fatty acids are commonly in ___ configuration, which __.
Cis configuration/kinks the chain.
What causes denaturation to occur? (7)
1. pH
2. high temp
3. alcohol
4. heavy metal salts
5. detergents/certain small molecules
6. urea
7. guanidine hydrochloride
Potassium cyanide is a poison which combines with cytochrome a3 to prevent binding of oxygen to the enzyme without altering the Km, of the reaction with respect to reduced cytochrome c. Which type of inhibition does this represent?
Noncompetitive inhibition
Myelogenous leukemias are caused by the cancerous production of innate (non-specific) immune system cells: in which tissue is such production most likely to occur?
Bone marrow