What is an amphipathic molecule?
molecule with polar head groups and hydrophobic tail
What are the differences between bacterial and eukaryotic replication
Bacterial Replication
Eukaryotic Replication
What is the big difference between RNA and DNA polymerases?
is the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate synthesis
Frameshifting can also result is what?
in a premature stop codon, producing a non-functional truncated protein
What are the 2 components of electrochemical gradient
the concentration gradient and the charge on the membrane
What is the number of hydrogen bonds between A and T, G and C
A and T- 2 hydrogen bonds
G and C- 3 hydrogen bonds
What is topoisomerase?
an enzyme that can break and rejoin the strands to relieve tension from twisting
What are promoters for and where are they located?
Name the steps of translation and describe them?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
facilitated diffusion-moves from high concentration to low concentration
the molecules binds to transporter but is passive and it has no energy is required
What are RNA Primers?
Gene is made up of what?
a promoter and transcribed region
Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification, especially for secreted or integral membrane proteins
What is the pH lysosomes are maintained at and how is it maintained?
pH-5.5
pH is maintained by enzymes that use energy to pump H+ into the lysosome
occur when there is a difference in the bases that make up a gene between different individuals
What is a leading strand and lagging strand?
leading strand- Replication proceeds on both sides of the fork but DNA polymerase can only synthesize in the 5’ to 3’ direction
lagging strand-The other strand is made in a stepwise fashion using “Okazaki fragments”, also made in the 5’ to 3’ direction
What is Poly (A) tail?
is a protein binding site that protects the mRNA transcript from being degraded in the cytosol
What is Polysomes?
Multiple ribosomes can attach to an mRNA, each producing the same protein
Where does DNA replication and transcription?
nucleus
What are the different types of RNA and what do they do?
What are the repair steps?
What does the spliceosome do?
attaches to the intron and cuts the intron out between these borders,
Name the 5 different mutation and describe them?
Point- a single base change
silent-a change that specifies the same amino acid
missense- a change that specifies a different amino acid
nonsense- a change that produces a stop codon
insertion- an addition of one or more bases
deletion- a loss of one or more bases