Horizontal Gene Transfer
What is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via bacteriophage?
Transduction
What must lactose bind to in order to allow transcription?
Lac repressor (Lac 1)
Penicillin and its derivatives belong to this specific class of antibiotics because
Beta-lactams
Why is it important to finish a full antibiotic course?
Prevent survival of partially resistant bacteria
What is the time between exposure and first symptoms?
Incubation period
What is the term for the use of antimicrobial agents on living tissue?
Antisepsis
Which form of HGT requires physical contact?
Conjugation
What gene region does the repressor bind to?
Operator
Fluoroquinolones inhibit what?
DNA unwinding
What test uses zones of inhibition to assess resistance?
Kirby-Bauer
What type of infection is caused by microbes already in the body (normal biota)?
Endogenous
What type of toxin is made of lipopolysaccharides?
Endotoxins
What type of horizontal gene transfer involves uptake of free DNA by a competent cell?
Transformation
What is the function of the promoter in the lac operon?
Where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.
Which part of the bacterial cell do polymyxins target?
Cell membrane
What does a small zone of inhibition mean?
High resistance to the drug
What is the minimum number of microbes to cause disease?
Infectious Dose (ID)
The ability of an organism to cause disease is called
Pathogenicity
How has horizontal gene transfer impacted human health?
Spread of resistance
Which domains of life contain operons?
Bacteria and Archaea
This class of antibiotics target the large ribosomal subunit (50S)
Macrolides
Resistant bacteria surviving and reproducing is an example of _____________________
Natural selection
What term describes when normal flora prevent pathogens from colonizing?
Microbial antagonism
These are microbial traits that aid in infection and disease
Virulence factors
In conjugation, the _____ cell is the donor.
F+
Under what condition is the lac operon actively transcribed?
When lactose is present
What is the smallest concentration of a drug that inhibits microbial growth?
Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC)
What do multidrug-resistant pumps in bacteria do?
Remove drug from cell
Amanda wakes up with a slight headache and runny nose but doesn't feel sick enough to call out of work. What stage of infection is this?
Prodromal stage
This type of pathogen causes disease in compromised hosts
Opportunistic pathogen
A bacteriophage that always "steals" the same genes would be demonstrating __________ transduction.
Specialized
The reason the lac operon is off by default
To save energy and resources
Which specific antibiotic target is NOT found in humans, making it a safer target?
Peptidoglycan
One mechanism of resistance in bacteria that involves metabolic pathways
Creating alternate pathways that aren't targeted by drug
This stage of infection is only found with certain pathogens, such as syphilis or Lyme disease
Continuation stage
The severity or harmfulness of a disease is called
virulence