First Lines of Defense
What enzyme found in tears breaks down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?
Lysozyme
What process involves engulfing and digesting pathogens by immune cells?
Phagocytosis
What is the specific part of an antigen that a lymphocyte recognizes?
Epitope
What does PAMP stand for?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
T cells are born in the ___________ but mature in the _________
Bone marrow
Thymus
Vaccinations are an example of __________ active immunity
Artificial
What viscous glycoprotein impedes the entry and attachment of pathogens?
Mucous
What structure is formed when a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen?
Phagosome
These cells target and kill cancer cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Which receptors recognize PAMPs?
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
These molecules are found on the surface of all nucleated cells in the human body
MHC class I molecules
What kind of whole-pathogen vaccine uses a weakened but live version of the pathogen?
Live, attenuated vaccines
Which structure acts as a physical barrier made of keratinized epithelial cells?
Skin
What small signaling proteins interfere with viral replication?
Interferons
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are all examples of what?
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
What type of immune structure are Peyer's patches?
Secondary
_____________ immunity involves receiving antibodies from an external source
Passive
Which vaccine type contains only parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or polysaccharides?
Subunit vaccine
Which of the following is NOT a function of the human microbiota in host defense: phagocytosis, pH reduction, competition, or blocking binding sites?
Phagocytosis
This process ends with the formation of a ring-shaped protein that digests holes in membranes
Complement cascade/system
What B-cell derivative secretes antibodies?
Plasma cells
Innate immunity is considered ____________ meaning it has no recognition/memory of pathogens
Nonspecific or generalist
This type of antigen provokes an immune response and is recognized
Immunogen
This type of vaccine introduces weakened toxins into the body from certain types of bacteria
Toxoid vaccines
Name a chemical barrier that is not tears, sweat, saliva, or microbiome-based.
Stomach acid
This response can increase pathogen metabolism and decrease the availability of circulating iron
Fever
Which antibody is first produced in response to an antigen?
IgM
Which process allows immune cells to move toward the site of infection due to chemical signals?
Chemotaxis
What specific type of molecule required to display antigens to T cells?
MHC Class II molecules
This type of vaccine provides the instructions for cells to make their own antigens, which then trigger an immune response
mRNA vaccines
Which body region uses a ciliary escalator to remove trapped microbes?
Trachea/respiratory tract
This specific PRR is involved in activating the inflammatory response
Inflammasome
This term describes many antibodies attaching to a single pathogen
Opsonization
This protein binds to a pathogen to initiate the complement cascade
C3
These cells become active during a secondary exposure to a pathogen
Memory B cells
Subunit pathogens require these specialized binding substances that increase immunogenicity
Adjuvants