Cellular Organelles
The name for the ability of molecules to pass the cell membrane
What is selective permeability?
The 4 nitrogenous bases and their pairs in DNA
What is Adenine which pairs to Thymine/Uracil, and Guanine which pairs to Cytosine?
This structure consists of phosphate-sugar repeats connected to a nucleotide
What is the backbone?
While one of the nitrogenous bases associated with DNA is Thymine, RNA is associated with this base.
What is Uracil or U?
George Mendel conducted his genetics experiments on this type of flower.
What is a pea plant?
Phospholipid heads are _____ and their tails are _____
What is hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing)?
Bonds that exist between amino acids
What is a peptide bond?
Widow's Peak - A homozygous recessive father and a heterozygous mother have offspring. What is the probability the offspring will have a widow's peak?
What is 50%?
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What is ribose?
Among CO2, Steroids, Urea, Glucose, Ca2+, two of these molecules have difficulty passing through the cell membrane passively.
What are Glucose and Ca2+?
This process involves taking stuff from the outside environment and engulfing the material in a vesicle to bring substances into the cell
What is endocytosis?
Monosaccharides are a type of _______ composed of what elements
What is carbohydrates composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
Double ring nucleotides (purines) bind to single ring nucleotides (_____) with this type of bond
What is pyrimidines (C,T) and Hydrogen bonds?
This RNA molecule is a copy of a fragment of DNA that carries instructions on how to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm.
What is mRNA?
The bond where atoms exchange electrons (e.g. LiF)
What is an Ionic bond?
This organelle has a double membrane and is responsible for the folding and modification of proteins. The two types of this organelle are
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The 4 structures of a protein and their purposes.
What is Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary
P: sequence of amino acids
S: folding polypeptide chain into alpha helix/beta sheets
T: 3D folding due to protein side chain interactions
Q: multiple polypeptide chains
Griffith's experiment with two strains of S pneumoniae concluded this.
What is the virulent S strain killed mice when injected, the non-virulent R strain did not.
Ribosomes read mRNA in this process in order to build polypeptide chains.
What is translation?
One glycerol backbone ester bonded to 3 fatty acid chains
What is a triglyceride?
The two biggest (percentage-wise) chemical components of mammalian cells
What is water (70%) and proteins (18%)?
The name for the beginning and end of a polypeptide chain.
What is the N-terminus and C-terminus?
Chromosomes have two forms, one which is highly condensed and one that is less condensed. What is the name of the form where you can easily attain genetic information?
What is euchromatin?
The RNA polymerase transcribes DNA to make mRNA by reading the DNA strand from this direction to that direction.
What is 5' to 3'?
The theory that explains how the mitochondria was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell
What is the endosymbiotic theory?