The Cell
These two cell types are distinguished by the presence or absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound structure, which are specialized structures performing specific functions within eukaryotic cells.
What are prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, and organelles?
Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, lived in a monastery in the town of Brno, now part of this country.
What is the Czech Republic?
This type of cell propagates action potentials.
What is a neuron?
This molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, allowing aerobic respiration to proceed.
What is oxygen?
This type of bond comes in two forms and connects monosaccharides in a carbohydrate, determining whether the polysaccharide is used for energy storage or structural support.
What are alpha and beta glycosidic linkages?
This organelle, studded with ribosomes, is responsible for synthesizing and folding proteins destined for secretion or membranes.
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
When two organisms heterozygous for the same gene are crossed, this is fraction of their offspring also expected to be heterozygous.
What is one-half (1/2)?
These extensions of neurons carry impulses towards the cell body.
What are dendrites?
This process generates ATP directly by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, while the other relies on an electron transport chain and a proton gradient to produce most of the cell’s ATP.
What are substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Proteins can lose their native structure through this process, which can be triggered by heat, extreme pH, detergents, or chemicals like urea.
What is protein denaturation?
These types of lipids contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains, which create kinks that prevent tight packing and keep them liquid at room temperature.
What are unsaturated lipids?
When two organisms heterozygous for two different genes are crossed, this is the fraction of their offspring expected to display the recessive phenotype for BOTH genes.
What one-sixteenth (1/16)?
The resting potential of a typical neuron is negative because of the greater permeability of this ion across its cell membrane.
What is potassium?
This key glycolysis enzyme is allosterically inhibited by ATP and citrate, and activated by AMP, helping the cell regulate its energy production.
What is phosphofructokinase (PFK)?
These are two common secondary structures in a protein’s backbone formed by hydrogen bonding.
What are alpha helices and beta sheets?
These factors affect the rate at which a molecule moves across a cell membrane.
What are concentration gradient, size, lipid solubility, temperature, and the presence of membrane transport proteins?
Crossing over, which results in genetic recombination, occurs in this phase of the process that produces reproductive cells.
What is prophase of the first meiotic division?
The release of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse is triggered by the influx of this ion into the cell.
What is calcium?
This type of photosynthesis requires water and produces oxygen, while the other can occur without water and does not release oxygen.
What are non-cyclic and cyclic photosynthesis?
These two types of chemical reactions differ in energy flow: one absorbs free energy from the surroundings, while the other releases free energy.
What are endergonic and exergonic reactions?
This type of transport uses the energy stored in an ion gradient to move another molecule against its concentration gradient.
Bonus point if you can name an example of this discussed in class...
What is secondary active transport?
Bonus: Na+/K+ pump
This is the recombination frequency expected between two genes that are 3 Centimorgans apart.
What is 3 percent?
This process in photosynthesis allows chloroplasts to produce extra ATP without making NADPH, helping balance the energy needs of the Calvin cycle.
What is cyclic electron transport?
This model of enzyme activity suggests that the active site changes shape slightly to better fit the substrate, enhancing the enzyme’s ability to catalyze a reaction.
What is the induced fit model?