History & Origins
Change in allele frequency through time is one definition of _______
Evolution (Population genetics definition)
“Broad pattern of evolution above the species level” is the definition of _______
Macroevolution (fossil record is used to see changes over time)
A named group of organisms (any level) is called a _______ .
A shared trait that originated in the ancestor of the taxa is called?
Shared ancestral character
"Membrane enclosed sacs just under plasma membrane" describes...
Alveolates
What does LUCA stand for?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
Many animal taxa appear suddenly in fossil record during _______ period (535-525 million years ago)
Cambrian
Predators emerged with larger bodies, claws
New defenses: sharp spines, body armor in prey species
“The evolutionary history of a species or related groups” is the definition of _______ .
Phylogeny
The science of classification of organisms and evolutionary relationships between organism(s) is called ________ .
Systematics
What three clades are in Alveolates?
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, Ciliates
What are the three major groups of life?
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea
______ _______ occur when large numbers of species become extinct worldwide
Mass extinctions
The study of the reconstruction of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called _______ .
Phylogenetics
_______ groups include the most recent common ancestor and all descendants.
Monophyletic
What synapomorphy is found in Dinoflagellates?
Two flagella
Descent (with modification) of all living beings from a common ancestor is one definition of _______
Evolution (macroevolution)
_________ is the study of the influence of the geographic distribution of lineages within and between species
Phylogeography
If two species share similar genes and structures because they inherited them from a common ancestor, what is this similarity called?
Homology
Is Excavata monophyletic, polyphyletic or paraphyletic?
Monophyletic
Dinoflagellate blooms can cause _____ ______
Red tides
What are the four major groups of Eukarya?
Plants, fungi, protists, animals
What is the biological species concept?
Can successfully interbreed
_______ _______ occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms found in different evolutionary lineages.
Convergent evolution
Are protists monophyletic, paraphyletic or polyphyletic?
Paraphyletic
What is the synapomorphy found in Arachaeplastida?
Primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
According to the theory of endosymbiosis, a proteobacterium became which organelle?
Mitochondria
“Rapid period of evolutionary change where many new species arise and adapt to different ecological niches” is the definition of which term?
Adaptive radiation
A trait shared by all members of the taxa but not that ancestor of the taxa is called a?
Shared derived character
What are the four evolutionary supergroups of protists?
Excavata, SAR, Arachaeplastida, Unikonta
What two major clades make up Unikonta?
Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts
What mass extinction event led to the extinction of more than 50% of marine species, many families of plants and animals, and all dinosaurs (except for birds)?
Cretaceous
What are some problems with the biological species concept?
Asexuals, fossils, extant species are hard to observe
_______ groups include the most recent common ancestor but not all descendants
Paraphyletic
What three monophyletic groups are in Excavata?
What organism is brightly colored, forms large feeding masses called plasmodium, and can solve complex mazes through sensing its environment?
Plasmodial Slime Molds
What evidence is there for the theory of endosymbiosis?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by two outer membranes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as bacteria
What are some processes that cause change?
Continental drift (plate tectonics), mass extinctions, adaptive radiation
The science of classifying and naming organisms is called _______ .
Taxonomy
What synapomorphy is characteristic of Euglenozoans?
Spiral or crystalline rod inside flagella
The multicellular diploid stage of alternation of generations is called ______
Sporophyte
What four conditions on Earth allowed for the origin of life?
Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (monomers)
Joining of small molecules into macromolecules (polymers)
Packaging of molecules into protocells
Origin of self-replicating RNA
Prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together that fossilize as ______
Stromatolites
_______ groups do not include the most recent common ancestor.
Polyphyletic
Organisms under the genus Trypanosoma are a part of which group (phylogenetically)?
Excavates: Euglenozoans: Kinetoplastids
What are some benefits of a land habitat (vs aquatic)?
Bright sunlight, atmosphere offers lots of carbon dioxide, and soul at waters edge is rich with nutrients
What are five characteristics of LUCA?
Used nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) as hereditary material, used the same triplet genetic code for amino acids, used similar molecules (proteins) as enzymes, used similar biochemical pathways (e.g. ATP for energy), had a plasma membrane composed of glycerol and fatty acids, was unicellular and lacked organelles
What are three key events in life history?
2.) Origins of multicellular organisms
3.) Colonization of land
If two species share similar genes and phenotypes without shared ancestry, what is this similarity called?
Analogy
What organisms are recognizable by there unique, two-part, glass-like wall of silicon dioxide?
Diatoms; protects them from the crushing jaws of predators
Non-vascular plants' life cycles are dominated by ______
Gametophytes