Nonvascular Plants
The antheridiophore found on liverworts is male/female.
Male
What structure connects the sporophyte to the capsule?
The ________ tissue system is the outer covering
Dermal
________ meristems are the site of secondary growth and help the plant to increase in girth
Lateral
True or False: Phylum Coniferophyta is monoecious
True
Which part of the seed is a hard protective covering?
Seed coat
A determinate sporophyll bearing a shoot is the definition of what?
A flower
A ______ flower has all four whorls
Complete
A ______ is a fruit where all or most of pericarp is fleshy
Berry
A dry fruit that opens along 1 carpel and opens along 1 suture is called a ______
Follicle
What term means burst open?
Dehiscent
What life cycle do plants undergo?
Sporic meiosis (alternation of generations)
________ leaves are branched vascular tissue
Megaphyll
_______ leaves are unbranched vascular tissue
Microphyll
True or false: The microsporangiate strobilus is the ovulate cone
False
How do pollen grains travel to the megasporocyte?
Wind dispersal
The calyx is a term used for the _______ of a flower
Sepals
______ plants have male and female whorls on the same plant
Monoecious
A ______ is a berry with a hard, thick rind
Pepo
_______ fruit have tissues other than the ovary wall
Accessory
The archegoniophore found on liverworts is male/female.
Female
What are the cell walls of plants made of?
Cellulose
________ meristems are the site of primary growth and help the plant to increase in height (and depth)
Apical
What does phloem do?
Distributes sugars, amino acids and organic products
Where is the Cycad Strobili located in the plant?
In the center
What is the only living species found in Ginkgophyta?
Ginkgo biloba
The androecium is a term used to describe the ________ of a flower
An _______ flower has male and female whorls in different flowers
Imperfect
A ________ is a berry with a leathery rind
Hesperidium
A _____ it a dry, indehiscent fruit
Nut
Which phylum is characterized by a dichotomously branching thallus, gemma within gemma cups, a sporophyte with a foot and capsule, and elaters on spores?
Hepatophyta
What structure is defined as a ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures?
Peristome
What does xylem do?
Conducts water and minerals, provides stem strength for height
What is xylem made out of?
Dead, lignified cells
True or False: the Ginkgo biloba is a fruit
False
What is the term used for animal pollination?
Zoophily
The corolla is a term used for the _______ of a flower
Petals
______ is fusion of segments of a single whorl
Connation
A _______ is a fleshy fruit with a stony endocarp
Drupe
What is an example of a drupe?
Peaches, plums, cherries, apricots, mangoes, olives, coffee "berries", coconuts, dates
What is the foot of the sporophyte used for?
Absorbing nutrients
What organism are plants derived from?
Green algae
A _______ is a cluster of sporangia
Sorus
What does the vascular system consist of?
Xylem and phloem
What are the branches that the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba are on called?
Dwarf branches
What is another term for the pollen cone in the Coniferophyta life cycle?
Microsporangiate strobilus
Flowers are borne from a ________ and subtended by a ________
Receptacle; peduncle
A container for seeds is called a _______
Fruit
Dry fruits that attach at a single point are called ______
Achenes
Are pine nuts actually nuts?
No; they are seeds
Which structure is often thought of as "the spore factory"?
Sporangium
What structure is defined as a hood over the capsule that prevents spores from drying out?
Calyptra/operculum
The _______ is responsible for spore dispersal when it is dry (in ferns)
Annulus
Are seedless vascular plants monophyletic, polyphyletic, or paraphyletic?
Paraphyletic
What is the small opening for pollen grain called?
Micropyle
Which structure provides nutrition in the Coniferophyta life cycle?
Megasporangium/nucellus
What term is used to describe both the calyx and corolla together?
Perianth
_______ is fusion between different whorls
Adnation
What's an example of a pome?
Apple, pears, etc.
An angiosperm with parallel veins in its leaves, a fibrous root system, a pollen grain with one opening, and floral organs in multiples of three would be called what?
Monocot
What structure anchors the spore to the ground?
Elater
In nonvascular plants, “teeth” open under dry conditions and close again when it is moist. What term is used to describe this?
Hygroscopic dispersal
Which phylum is characterized by megaphylls, circinate vernation, rhizome and adventitious roots and sori?
Phylum Pteridophyta (Ferns)
Which phylum contains club mosses, ground pine, resurrection plant and quillwort?
Lycophyta
What is the embryonic root of a seed?
Radicle
Which phylum is found in Angiosperms?
Magnoliophyta
The gynoecium is a term used to describe the ________ of a flower
Carpels
Multiple fruits, berries, pomes and drupes are all considered _______ fruits
Dry fruits that are winged for wind dispersal are called _______
Samara
A dry, dehiscent fruit that is composed of more than carpel and opens along more than two sutures is called?
Capsule
What phylum contains true mosses and is characterized by the development of protonema and rhizoids?
Bryophyta
Liverworts are found in which phylum?
Hepatophyta
Which phylum is characterized by lacking true leaves and roots, dichotomously branching stems, and sporangia born on the stem?
Phylum Psilophyta (Whisk ferns)
Which phylum includes the cycads?
Cycadophyta
Spores have a single, ______ cell while seeds are_______
Totipotent; multicellular
Which plant phylum is the most successful, having >250,000 species?
Magnoliophyta
A flower that has lost a whorl is called an ________ flower
Incomplete
In ________ fruit each achene is a separate carpal from a single flower
Aggregate
A dry, dehiscent fruit with two sutures is called a _______
Legume
The ______ is the fleshy interior of a fruit
Mesocarp
What are five synapomorphies of Kingdom Plantae?
- Derived from Charophyta, a lineage of green algae
- Multicellular
- Photoautotrophic
- Heteromorphic sporic meiosis (alternation of generations)
- Terrestrial or secondarily aquatic
- Cell walls made of cellulose
- Movement by growth only
- Embryo protected by gametophyte tissue
Which phylum is characterized by hollow ribbed stems toughened with silica, whorls of microphylls at nodes, and strobili with sporangiophores/sporophylls?
- Phylum Equisetophyta, Equisetum (genus)
- Horsetail ferns
What are some advantages/characteristics of vascular tissue?
Larger/taller plants in dryer habitats
Better access to light for photosynthesis
Dominant sporophyte generation
Gametophytes are variable
How many extant phyla are in the Gymnosperms?
4
What are three synapomorphies of Gymnosperms?
- Vascular tissue
- Dominant sporophyte generation, larger plants
- Reduction of gametophyte generation
- Heterospory
What are the three extant genera found in Phylum Gnetophyta?
Gnetum, Welwitschia, Ephedra
What are the four whorls of a flower?
Calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium
What is an example of a multiple fruit?
Pineapple, strawberry, fig, mulberry, breadfruit
List the characteristics of a eudicot
- Two cotyledons
- Veins usually net like
- Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring
- Taproot (main root) usually present
- Pollen grain with three openings
- Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five
What is an example of a pepo berry?
Watermelon, cantaloupe, pumpkin, squash