Cell Structure & Organelles
What are diverse membrane-bound structures in the cell that perform specific functions?
Organelles
What is the molecular path of glucose from glycolysis to the ETC?
Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> Kreb Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain
What is the green pigment in chloroplasts called?
Chlorophyll
The signaling molecules that bind to receptors.
Ligands
This protein remains constant and activates when bound to cyclin.
What is Cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase)?
This structure in the cell membrane is composed of both phospholipids and proteins.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
What is fermentation?
The process where the cell can free up NAD+ when oxygen is not available
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
thylakoid membrane
Local and short-lived signals
Paracrine signals
MPF becomes active when these two molecules bind.
What are cyclin and Cdk?
An organelle not found in all eukaryotic cells on the OUTSIDE of the cell
What is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen O2
What molecules donates electrons in photosynthesis?
H2O
In a signaling pathway, this step involves passing the message through a cascade.
Transduction
Cells like neurons that do not divide are in this phase.
G0
What organelle contain enzymes to break down waste?
Lysosomes
Chemiosmosis powers ATP Synthase through the gradient of what ions?
H+ ions
Why do plants need photosythesis?
To convert the infinite resource of light and CO2 into energy the mitochondria is able to utilize.
What are endocrine signals?
Signals that travel through the bloodstream.
What is a tumor suppressor gene and an example?
A tumor suppressor stops cell growth, p53
What molecule diffuses freely across the cell membrane?
CO2
What molecule is oxidized in C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O
Glucose
What are the products of the light reactions NEEDED for the Calvin Cycle?
ATP and NADPH (O2 is made but not needed for the Calvin cycle)
The order for cell signaling is..
Signal -> transduction -> response
Cdk is best described as:
What is an enzyme present throughout the cell cycle that phosphorylates other proteins?