Plant Evolution
Seeds and pollen are adaptations that allow reproduction in what conditions?
The absence of water
All gymnosperms have an __ exposed on a scale
Ovule
What three phyla are in bryophytes?
1. Hepaticophyta (Liverorts)
2. Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts)
3. Bryophyta (Mosses)
gametophytes produce___ and sporophytes produce ___
gametes, spores
Male gametophytes develop in the ___ and female gametophytes develop in the ____
Pollen grains, ovule
This phyla only has one loving species. What is the phyla and the name of the species?
Ginkophyte, ginkgo blioba
What method(s) of production is/are used by liverworts? What generally happens?
Sexual reproduction - sporangia release spores
asexual reproduction - leaf fragments form gemma cups and wash away
What is the difference between homosporous and heterosporous? What two types of spores are in heterospores.
Homosporous plants – produce a single type
of spore
Heterosporous – produce two spore types
1. microspores – develop into male
gametophyte
2. megaspores – develop into female
gametophyte
How many phyla are in gymnosperms, and how many in angiosperms?
4,1
Which gymnosperm is dioecious?
Ginkgophyte
What does it mean to have a vascular system? What are the definitions of these components?
Vascular system = xylem and phloem
Xylem - storage and long-distance transport of water and nutrients
Phloem - transports sugars, proteins, and other solutes throughout
the plant
What advantages did plants get when they moved from water to land?
1. Sunlight is abundant and unfiltered
2. CO2 more readily available in the air than
water
3. No predators on land-plants moved onto land 500-700 mya—animals about 390 mya
Why did gymnosperms and angiosperms evolve flowers and fruit?
To increase reproductive fitness.
What are the three genera in gnetophyta?
Welwitschia, ephedra, gnetum
In a fern, the sporophyte is the ___ part of the plant, and the gametophyte is the ___ part of the plant, shaped like a heart
upper, lower
What are streptophytes? What are charophytes (order charales)?
Streptophytes - land plants and closely related green algae, charophyta
charophytes - the closest living relatives to land plants
Megagametophytes produce megasporophytes through ___
Mitosis
What are all the phyla of gymnosperms
Coniferophytes, cycadophytes, gnetophytes, ginkophytes
Ferns have what kind of life cycle, what what dominant stage?
alteration of generations, sporophyte
What adaptations do land plants have to better survive on land?
1. alteration of generations (helps with adapting to environments)
2. diploid sporophyte (produced from asexual phase)
3. haploid gametophytes (produced from sexual phase)
4. apical meristem (helps with growing new cells at tips)
4. cuticles, stomata, and vascular systems (anti-water loss, gas exchange, storage and transport of nutrients)