Mitosis
Phase in which chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell, and the name of the line they make
Metaphase plate
DNA replication is faster in eukaryotes because
there are multiple origins of replication
Denaturation, annealing, elongation
Steps of PCR
Cell to cell recognition is done by
glycoproteins
Causes the electrochemical gradient
concentration of ions inside and outside of the cell (along membrane)
Part of specific phase in which chromosomes from duplicated to unduplicated
End of anaphase
3' end of DNA is where
DNA is synthesized
The importance of the conservation experiment of Messel and Stahl-
a new complementary strand of DNA is synthesized from the old one
Some go completely through membrane, and some are on either side
Integral proteins; peripheral proteins
Pulls apart duplicated pairs of sister chromatids in anaphase
kinetochore microtubules (the mitotic spindle is the entire complex)
A _____ is formed in animal cells and a _______ is formed in plant cells during cytokinesis
cleavage furrow; cell plate
The leading strand synthesizes-
towards the replication fork
Hershey and Chase bacteriophages told us that DNA is THE
genetic material
Found in excess when the cell membrane needs to "loosen up" because of cold temperatures
HDL's/kinked cholesterols/unsaturated fatty acids
Provide structure support for chromosomes as they are synthesized
Histones
3 steps of interphase & importance of checkpoints
Growth phase 1, synthesis, growth phase 2; making sure there are correct amounts of organelles, proteins, chromosomes, etc
The lagging strand synthesizes ______ from the ______ and is made up of _______ _________
away; helicase/fork; okazaki fragments
Chargaff's nucleotide rules stated that-
there is an equal number of purines and an equal number of pyrimidines
High concentration of solute outside of the cell
Hypertonic solution; hypotonic cell; water is going to rush out
the difference between DNA pol. 1 & 3
DNA pol. 1 removes the RNA primer and replaces it with the complementary DNA nucleotides, DNA pol. 3 is the main enzyme of DNA synthesis!!!
Number of chromatids, sister chromatids, and chromosomes at the end of interphase
92 chromatids, 46 sister chromatids, 46 chromosomes
The 7 proteins of DNA synthesis and their functions
1. DNA helicase - initiates replication fork by breaking H-bonds between nucleotides
2. DNA pol III - synthesizes complementary nucleotides
3. DNA pol I - removes RNA primase and replaces it with complementary DNA nucleotides
4. DNA ligase - "glues" the Okazaki fragments back together
5. Topoisomerase - prevents torsion of the unwinding DNA molecule
6. Primase - primes the 5’ end of both DNA strands with RNA so the complementary nucleotides can begin synthesis
7. ss binding proteins- keeping DNA stable when replicating
Rosalind Franklin's picture of the double helical structure helped who discover what
Watson and Crick; DNA is a double helical structure with H-bonds connecting each nucleotide
3 types of passive transport
Simple diffusion, osmosis, & facilitated diffusion
Purines: A&G, a pentagon and a hexagon stacked on top of each other
Pyrimidines: C, U, & T; hexagon
G&C: 3 H-bonds
A&T (U&T): 2 H-bonds