The Immune System
These widespread external physical and chemical barriers include skin, mucus, earwax, tears, and stomach acid.
What are external innate defenses?
This primary energy currency molecule of the cell stores chemical energy in high-energy phosphate bonds.
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and takes place specifically in this cellular compartment.
What is the cytoplasm (or cytosol)?
In the electron transport chain, oxygen acts as the final molecule to accept electrons, where it is reduced to form this substance.
What is water?
These organisms (such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria) synthesize their organic compounds via photosynthesis using sunlight.
What are photoautotrophs?
This type of white blood cell recognizes the Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC I) receptor on healthy cells and lyses them if that receptor is absent.
What is a natural killer (NK) cell?
n oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, a molecule that undergoes this process loses electrons and energy.
What is oxidation?
This is the net product output of ATP and NADH resulting from the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule through glycolysis.
What are 2 ATP and 2 NADH?
This complex molecular machine uses a proton (H+) gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi.
What is ATP synthase?
Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts, specifically with light-dependent reactions occurring in the thylakoids and the Calvin cycle occurring here.
What is the stroma?
These specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), along with macrophages, connect the innate immune system to the adaptive immune system by presenting antigens via MHC II.
What are dendritic cells?
This is the oxidized form of the key electron carrier molecule that acts as a potential electron acceptor in cells.
What is NAD+?
Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is converted into this 2-carbon molecule by a multienzyme complex in the mitochondrial matrix.
What is acetyl CoA?
In the absence of oxygen, continuous glycolysis requires the regeneration of this vital electron acceptor molecule.
What is NAD+?
Within the visible light spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, this color has the shortest wavelength and carries the most energy.
What is violet?
Upon secondary exposure to an allergen, these primed cells bind to the antigen and rapidly release histamines and other chemical mediators.
What are mast cells?
This type of phosphorylation involves transferring a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule to ADP with the help of an enzyme.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Unlike linear pathways like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle is considered this type of pathway because its final product is also its first reactant.
What is a circular pathway?
This specific type of fermentation readily occurs in animal cells when oxygen is low or absent, reducing pyruvate to form lactate.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
This crucial enzyme in Phase 1 of the Calvin cycle adds CO2 onto a molecule of RuBP during carbon fixation.
What is Rubisco?
This autoimmune condition is characterized by the immune system mistakenly targeting the individual's own DNA and/or proteins, leading to varied organ dysfunction and features like a face rash.
What is systemic lupus erythematosus (Lupus)?
In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation takes place within this specialized organelle.
What is the mitochondrion?
Glycolysis is primarily regulated at three key enzymatic steps; two of these early regulatory steps involve the hydrolysis of this energy molecule.
What is ATP?
n terms of additional ATP yield, cellular respiration pathways rank from highest to lowest as: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and this pathway yielding none beyond glycolysis.
What is fermentation?
Because only one carbon dioxide molecule is incorporated at a time during carbon fixation, this many turns or completions of the Calvin cycle are required to produce a single six-carbon glucose molecule.
What is six times (or six completions)?