Viruses
name the key difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles
virus does not integrate into the host chromosome for lytic cycles, but does for lysogenic.
you want to inhibit a virus's ability to fuse and attach with the host cell. Which type of inhibitor do you use?
fusion inhibitors
you go deep-sea cave diving one day and find some interesting organisms that seem to be harnessing the energy from chemical reactions to obtain their carbon source. What type of organisms are they?
chemoautotrophs
you are walking through a bright, sunny field and see some plants that are taking in carbon dioxide from their environment. What type of organisms are these?
photoautotrophs
gut microbes provide humans with essential functions like digesting food and producing vitamins, while humans provide the bacteria with nutrients and a stable environment. What kind of symbiotic relationship is this?
mutualism
which viral hypothesis best represents the idea that viruses originated from free living prokaryotic cells, but now depend on a host cell to carry out their functions.
true or false (explain why): molecular subunit vaccines inject all proteins and nucleic acids.
false; they only inject one nucleic acid that codes for the spike protein
you observe some strange organisms that are surviving in a environment with a pH of 12. What are these organisms called?
alkaliphiles
you are a researcher observing some organisms that seem to be thriving in an environment with a salt concentration of 0.4 M. What are these organisms called?
halophiles
You are an ecologist observing the unique protists in moist, terrestrial habitats. You take a closer look at a rotting log and find that it has organisms that do a strange crawling movement and use certain structures to do so. Name the...
1. supergroup of this organism
2. subgroup of this organism
3. the name of the structures to crawl like that
1. amoebozoans
2. slime molds
3. pseudopodia
a virus enters the host cell and must transcribe the complementary mRNA strand in order to make its viral proteins. What type of RNA virus is this?
-ssRNA
a virus is attempting to integrate itself into the host genome, but cannot do so because of which antiviral drug?
integrase inhibitor
in conjugation, the donor cell [contains/does not contain] the F plasmid, while the recipient cell [contains/does not contain] the F plasmid.
contains; does not contain
this organism has a cell membrane, a cell wall, no nucleus, practically no introns, and its growth is inhibited in response to antibiotics. What is its cell wall composed of?
peptidoglycan (bc it's bacteria!)
a patient of yours comes into the clinic with a very dangerous disease. You perform a biopsy and find that the microorganism causing this disease has a pointy, apical complex to enter the host blood cells. Your patient remembers that she recently traveled to the Amazon rainforest and got bit by mosquitos! What is...
1. the name of the disease
2. the supergroup this microorganism belongs to
3. the subgroup this microorganism belongs to
4. the name of the organism
1. malaria
2. alveolates
3. apicomplexans
4. Plasmodium
you are examining a virus under an electron microscope and see that it is enveloped. What advantage does the envelope provide?
Allows virus to evade the host immune system
you are a doctor and a pregnant woman comes into your clinic. What type of vaccine should you NOT give her and why?
attenuated; live virus poses risk to immunosuppressed patients.
you have a patient with a bacterial infection come into your clinic. You prescribe them penicillin, but it does not seem to work. What type of bacteria are they most likely to be infected with and why?
gram negative; outer lipopolysaccharide layer protects cell wall from penicillin
you are a microbiologist and are observing a growth of bacteria in your petri dish. This bacteria has a thick cell wall, and it dies when you treat it with penicillin. Give the type of bacteria, what its cell wall is made out of, and what color it will stain under the microscope.
gram +; peptidoglycan; purple
you are trying to examine a unique protist under the microscope and notice that its flagella looks like crystals! The organism also looks super green in color and you can see its mitochondria (let's pretend that you can actually see the mitochondria, lol). Answer the following questions:
1. one possible name of the organism
2. what disease may this organism cause
3. what its mitochondria looks like
4. what type of respiration it does
1. Euglenas OR Trypanosomas
2. African sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosomas)
3. normal (not reduced)
4. aerobic respiration
you are a plant researcher and are looking at a virus-infected potato cell. Is this virus naked or enveloped, and what is causing it to be this way?
naked; cell wall blocks virus from using host cell membrane to bud out.
Researchers find that a certain mRNA vaccine is making excessive viral spike proteins and needs to be regulated. What part of the mRNA transcript can be controlled in order for the vaccine to optimize its time in the host?
The poly-A tail
you are researching organisms that live in the boiling acidic springs of Yellowstone. What domain of organisms are most likely to be found here, and what are their cell membranes uniquely composed of?
in Griffith's experiment, what structural advantage did the smooth cells have over the rough cells in infecting the mouse? Also, what method of horizontal gene transfer did this experiment represent?
s cells had an outer membrane to evade host immune system; transformation
you have a patient come into your clinic with backpacker's diarrhea. You perform a biopsy and examine that the microorganism causing this sickness belongs to kingdom protista. Upon closer look, you can see that this organism actually has 2 haploid nuclei instead of a singular diploid nucleus, and it has a strange groove. What is...
1. the name of the organism
2. the subgroup it belongs to
3. the supergroup it belongs to
4. the type of respiration it does
1. Giardia intestinalis
2. diplomonads
3. excavata
4. anaerobic respiration