RNA Processing
Transcription Basics
Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes
Transcriptional Proteins
Additional Info
100
In eukaryotes, the addition of this modified nucleotide to one end of the primary transcript is crucial to the occurrence of translation.
What is the 5' Cap?
100
This describes the directionality of RNA polymerase and which way it builds in.
What is 5' to 3'?
100
This sequence in the coding strand of DNA is located approximately 25 nucleotides from the 3’ end of the complement to this segment where transcription begins to take place.
What is the TATA Box?
100
This protein allows RNA polymerase to bind to promoters in bacteria.
What is Sigma Factor?
100
This component of a DNA sequence designates the place where RNA polymerase stops the act of transcription and releases the transcript.
What is the Terminator?
200
The addition of roughly 250 consecutive ribonucleotides all containing the same base to the 3’ end of eukaryotic primary transcripts is vital to exporting the mRNA into the cytoplasm.
What is Polyadenylation / Poly(A) Tail?
200
This strand of DNA is complementary in sequence to the template strand, but is not used at all in transcription.
What is the Nontemplate/Coding Strand?
200
This process in which introns are removed and exons are subsequently connected is unique to eukaryotes.
What is RNA Splicing?
200
In eukaryotes, this specific RNA polymerase complex is responsible for the transcription of protein-coding genes.
What is RNA Polymerase II?
200
This complex made up of RNA and protein is responsible for removing introns, also known as splicing.
What is the Spliceosome?
300
This is the number of slices that must be made to completely remove the introns from the displayed primary mRNA transcript.
What is 4?
300
This first step of transcription involves the recruitment of RNA polymerase and other proteins to the double-stranded DNA.
What is Initiation?
300
Aside from splicing, the addition of these two chemical modifications further makes eukaryotic transcription more complex than prokaryotic transcription.
What is the 5’ Cap & Polyadenylation/Poly(A) Tail?
300
In eukaryotes, a combination of approximately six of these proteins to gather at the promoter of a gene is required for transcription to take place.
What are General Transcription Factors?
300
In transcription, this DNA strand is the one that RNA polymerase binds to and begins transcribing its sequence.
What is the Template Strand?
400
By using two slices to cut at both ends of either intron, this exon will also be eliminated from the primary RNA transcript.
What is Exon 2?
400
This region, typically coloured green in illustrations, marks the place where RNA polymerase and other related proteins bind to the DNA duplex.
What is the Promoter?
400
In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, this critical protein performs the same function of synthesizing a transcript from 5’ to 3’, but differs in the way it is recruited.
What is RNA Polymerase?
400
In addition to general transcription factors in eukaryotes, the presence of one or more of these proteins that each bind to specific DNA sequences called enhancers is needed for the commencement of transcription.
What are Transcriptional Activator Proteins?
400
During this second stage of transcription, consecutive nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA transcript as RNA polymerase makes its way along the template strand.
What is Elongation?
500
This process allows different mRNAs and thus subsequently protein products to be formed by primary transcripts from the same gene.
What is Alternative Splicing?
500
Transcription runs only if RNA polymerase adds nucleotides successively to this part of the transcript.
What is the 3' End?
500
In prokaryotes, the primary transcripts for protein-coding genes often contain the genetic information for synthesis of two or more different proteins, which is what this term defines as mRNA molecules that code for many proteins.
What is Polycistronic mRNA?
500
This protein in eukaryotes works to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter once this protein itself has been recruited by bound transcriptional activator proteins.
What is the Mediator Complex?
500
These two factors are added to mRNA to prevent deterioration and increase the stability of mRNA during exportation.
What are the 5' cap and Poly(A) tail?