The Study of Life
T/F Correlation implies causation
False
What is the cell wall made of in fungi? How about bacteria?
Fungi: Chitin
Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
Describe the bottleneck effect.
A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events, which results in a significant loss of genetic variation.
What is the difference exponential and logistic growth? (Bonus points if you give the equations)
Exponential growth ((J)-shaped curve) describes rapid, unrestricted population increase under ideal, unlimited resources. Logistic growth ((S)-shaped curve) represents realistic growth that slows as the population reaches the environment's maximum capacity, or carrying capacity ((K)), due to limited resources.
Exponential Growth: G=rN
Logistic Growth: rN(K-N/K)
What is coeevolution?
Coevolution is a process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through natural selection, acting as agents of change.
The difference between independent and dependent variables
Independent: what is manipulated (e.g., type of coffee bean)
Dependent: what is measured (e.g., amount of caffeine)
Name two characteristics that are the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
1. Cell Membrane
2. Ribosomes
3. DNA/ RNA
4. Cytoplasm
List the entire cell cycle:
G0 phase
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
M phase (PMAT and Cytokinesis)
Define all variables associated with growth (G,r,K,N):
G: number of individuals added per unit time
r: growth rate
K: carrying capacity
N: total number of individual in a population
Describe the endosymbiotic theory:
Eukaryotic cells evolved when ancestral, host prokaryotic cells engulfed aerobic bacteria (becoming mitochondria) and cyanobacteria (becoming chloroplasts) instead of digesting them
List the eight hierarchical organizations:
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
8. Specific epithet
Describe the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells.
Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers that stain purple. Gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan layers, an outer membrane, stain pink/red, and are often more antibiotic-resistant.
What are the differences between meiosis and mitosis?
- Meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells
- Meiosis undergoes crossing over and independent assortment
- Meiosis undergoes two rounds of cell division
What are some density dependent factors? Density Independent?
Density Dependent:
- Disease
-Competition/ Limited Resources
- Accidents
- Predation
Density Independent:
-Natural Disasters (Flood, fire, earthquakes, etc)
How do oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ in humans?
Both are the process of forming gametes. Spermatogenesis leads to the formation of sperm. Oogenesis leads to the formation of ova.
Difference between hypothesis and theory
A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction or explanation for something you observe.
A theory is a broad explanation that is supported by a large amount of evidence from many studies.
A student was monitoring a stream collected a small sample of water and studied it with a microscope. How could they distinguished the bacterial cells in the water from the single cell eukaryotic cells that also occur there?
Size of the cells, bacteria are much smaller
A group of early giraffes lives in a lush forest with many trees and shrubs of different heights to feed on. These giraffes have necks of various lengths, with most giraffes having a medium length neck. Then a blight passed through the area, killing off all of the low-growing plants, leaving only tall trees whose leaves are far off the ground. Giraffes with shorter necks now have a hard time getting food, while those with longer necks can feed on the high-growing leaves. After several generations, the giraffes in this area all have longer necks than those before the blight. What type of selection has occurred in this giraffe population?
These giraffes have experienced directional selection.
What are Survivorship curves, what are the three types. Which one is type r, type k, opportunistic, and equilibirium?
Type I, K, Equilibrium:
- low reproductive rate
- low number of offspring
- high level of parental care
- high juvenile survival rate
- bigger age of reproductive maturity
Type II:
- Constant mortality rate regardless of age
Type III, r, Opportunistic:
- high reproductive rate
- high number of offspring
- low level of parental care
- small juvenile survival rate
- smaller age of reproductive maturity
Demonstrated that organic molecules, specifically amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), could form spontaneously from inorganic precursors under simulated prebiotic Earth conditions.
Steps of the scientific method
1. Make an observation
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Devise a testable prediction
4. Conduct a critical experiment
5. Draw conclusion and make revisions
Lucky Question
+500
The ability to taste PTC is due to a single dominant allele "T". You sampled 215 individuals in biology, and determined that 150 could detect the bitter taste of PTC and 65 could not. Calculate all of the potential frequencies.
p= 0.45
q= 0.55
p2= 0.2025
2pq= 0.495
q2= 0.302
A population of deer in a forest has a maximum per capita growth rate of .4 per year. The population size is limited by the carrying capacity of the forest, which is 900 individuals.
Which of the following is the growth rate of the deer population when the population is made up of 300 individuals?
80 deer per year
There is a population of 120 insects with long(dominant) and short wings (recessive). When observing the population you see 31 insects with short wings. Calculate all potential frequencies.
p= 0.492
q= 0.508
p2=0.242
2pq=0.500
q2=0.258