Carbohydrates
The AMDR for carbohydrates is:
45-65% of daily calories
What is similar between saturated fats and trans fats?
Both tend to be solid at room temperature and should be limited in our diet.
What are the 3 main parts of an amino acid?
Amino group, side chain, acid (carboxyl) group
In the mouth we have chemical digestion. Carbs are broken down by the enzyme _____; lipids by the enzyme ____________; and protein by the enzyme_______________
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase, and proteins are not broken down by chemical digestion in the mouth
What are the effects of alcohol on protein?
Alcohol leads to protein degradation also known as protein breakdown
What are the names of the 3 simple carbohydrates?
The 4 parts of a triglycercide are what?
Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
How many amino acids are linked together to form a protein? What is the name of the bond formed between amino acids in a protein? What determines a proteins shape?
At least 100, peptide bond, the sequence of amino acids determines the shape which determines the function.
Which molecules digestion begins heavily in the stomach? What is required to break down that molecule?
Proteins. HCl to denature the protein, HCl to convert pepsinogen to pepsin and begin breaking down peptide bonds
When does the body primarily rely on fats for energy? What about protein? Carbs?
At rest, only under extreme conditions (fasting/intense exercise), activities involving muscular power
Which two simple carbohydrates make up lactose, and what is a simple explanation for lactose intolerance?
Glucose and galactose. In lactose intolerance, the bond between glucose and galactose cannot be broken due to the lack of an enzyme, lactase
What is the name of the molecule that is made in the small intestinal cells takes fats to the lymph system? What is it mostly made of?
How are lipids broken down in the lumen of the small intestine and absorbed into the small intestinal cells?
Pancreatic lipase breaks TG's into 2 FA's and a monoglyceride. Bile increases surface area of fats so lipase can continue breaking down. FFA's and monoglycerides can be absorbed
What are two ways to treat type II diabetes?
What about type I diabetes?
Insulin injections
What are the two main types of fiber? Why is it important for heart health?
Soluble and insoluble. It traps cholesterol and causes it to be excreted from the body. The body then has to get cholesterol from the arteries to make more bile which clears out cholesterol and opens up arteries!
To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, what are the guidelines for physical activity per week?
150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic exercise
What two factors make up protein quality? Follow up question for each factor
Digestibility and AA profile.
What is the main component of VLDL, LDL, and HDL? What does that mean for their function?
VLDL- TG main component, delivers fats to tissues
LDL- cholesterol, delivers cholesterol to tissues/arteries
HDL- proteins, removes cholesterol
What is stevia and what are some of its benefits?
Plant derived sweetener. Calorie free, helps with glucose regulation, blood pressure lowering, cancer prevention,
What are the definitions for the following terms:
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
glucagon
glucose
insulin
Glycogenolysis: break down of glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis: formation of new glucose from other sources
Glucagon: hormone released when blood glucose is low to increase glucose in the blood
Glucose: most abundant simple carbohydrate, all converted to this
insulin: released when blood glucose is high to decrease blood glucose by sending it into tissues
What is the function of LDL? What three lifestyle/diet choices can we make to reduce LDL?
LDL deposits cholesterol in the arteries. Reducing saturated fats, reducing trans fats, and exercise
Starting with DNA, walk through the process of protein synthesis on the board
DNA- mRNA- leaves nucleus goes to ribosome- tRNA brings in amino acids- reads mRNA code- peptide bonds are formed between amino acids- continues until protein is made
What is the name of the hormone the is a hunger cue to the body? Eating which macronutrient lowers this hormone and helps with feeling full?
Ghrelin, eating protein
What is the difference between whole grains and refined grains? What nutrients are probably missing in refined grains?
Whole grains contain bran, endosperm, and germ. Refined grains are just the endosperm.
Refined grains are missing tons of vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats