Lipids and Membranes
Explain the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated - contains at least one double bond, liquid at room temp
What does amphipathic mean?
Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
What are ribosomes responsible for?
Protein synthesis
Oxidation is the ____ of electrons
Loss
Where does Pyruvate oxidation to Acetyl CoA (stage 2) occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What type of lipid is characterized by a bulky, four ring structure?
Steroids
What kind of proteins are only bound to membrane surfaces?
Peripheral proteins
Most cilia and flagella have a "_ _ _" arrangement of microtubules called the axoneme.
9 + 2
In endothermic reactions, do products have more or less potential energy than reactants?
More
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
What are at least 3 factors that affect membrane permeability?
Length of hydrocarbon tail, saturation state, temperature, and presence of cholesterol
What are used to study membranes (by separating the layers)?
Detergents
What do the cis and trans faces of the Golgi apparatus do?
Cis - closest to nucleus and receives cargo
Trans - closest to plasma membrane and ships vesicles
What is called when substrates compete for an enzyme's active site to temporarily prohibit use?
Competitive inhibition
Which stage produces the most electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)?
Citric acid cycle
Rank each group of molecules from least to most permeable to membranes:
- Small ions
- Nonpolar molecules
- Large, uncharged polar molecules
- Small, uncharged polar molecules
Least to most permeable:
Small ions < large, uncharged polar molecules < small, uncharged polar molecules < nonpolar molecules
a. Touch
b. Molecule binding
c. Electrochemical gradients
d. They stay open
c. Electrochemical gradients
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that were able to divide, contain DNA, make ribosomes, and have multiple membranes. Which theory explains this?
Endosymbiont theory
How does energy coupling work?
The energy released from exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
Inputs: glucose (and 2 ATP)
Outputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Explain how diffusion and osmosis works.
Diffusion: Spontaneous, passive transport of molecules/ions from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane (to dilute highly concentrated solutes)
What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that uses membrane proteins
Active transport moves substances against their electrochemical gradient by using energy
Name all cytoskeleton elements and their primary functions.
Actin filaments/microfilaments - cell movement
Intermediate filaments - structure and stability
Microtubules - cell division and vesicle transportation
Describe saturation kinematics
No more products can be formed when all enzymes are used, regardless of substrate concentration
What are the two subphases of oxidative phosphorylation and what do they do?
1. Electron transport chain (ETC) - produce an electrochemical gradient via 4 protein complexes
2. Chemiosmosis - make ATP via ATP synthase and the electrochemical gradient as fuel