Vascular Plants
Lignin
What is the extent of cell-cell communication in simple multicellular organisms?
Very limited and mostly a transfer of resources (food, water)
Label the greek roots/prefixes with their meanings:
-phyte means:_____________
-epi means:_____________
gameto- means:_____________
sporo- means:_____________
-phyte means: plant/plant-like organism
-epi means: on/upon, above, over
gameto- means: gamete
sporo- means: spore
How do vascular plants obtain water?
On the blank phylogenetic tree, label where angiosperms are located and explain why.
See marathon slides
What are two examples of vascular seedless plants?
Ferns, horsetails, club mosses, whisk tails
What is a key feature of complex multicellularity that allows cells deep within tissues to receive molecules without relying on diffusion alone?
Bulk transport
What is the purpose of meiosis?
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Meiosis - to cut ploidy in half in order for cells to undergo genetic recombination, and form genetically diverse offspring.
Mitosis - to create a pair of genetically identical daughter cells, for repair and/or growth and development.
On the blank phylogenetic tree, circle where nonvascular plants are located.
See slides.
The carpel contains all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Stigma
B. Style
C. Ovary
D. Anther
Correct answer: D
Which are present within/associated with vascular plants? Select all that apply.
1) Seeds
2) Spores
3) Cellulose
4) Fruits and flowers
5) Lignin
6) Mycorrhizal fungus
1,2,3,4,5,6
In this type of multicellularity, nuclei divide but cells do not undergo cytokinesis, producing one large cell with many nuclei. What is it?
Coenocytic organization
Label which life cycle is gametophyte dominant and which is sporophyte dominant. (See slides).
See slides for answer.
Which of the following is required for successful fertilization in nonvascular plants such as mosses?
A. Wind dispersal of sperm
B. Presence of vascular tissues
C. Free-standing water for flagellated sperm to swim
D. Production of seeds
Correct answer: C
When do aggregate fruits form?
A. Several flowers fuse
B. A single carpel produces one fruit
C. Multiple carpels from one flower mature into separate units
D. Non-ovary tissue forms the fruit
Correct answer: C
Describe...
1) what microspores and megaspores are
2) what they develop into
3) what produces each
4) what kind of plant they are associated with
Microspores - small spores produced by microsporangia, develop into male gametophytes
Megaspores - large spores produced by megasporangia, develop into female gametophytes
Both are associated with heterosporous plants.
Why did complex multicellularity evolve? Give 3 reasons.
2) more prey
3) fewer predators
4) Greater physiological complexity compared to most organisms
5) Protection from environment
6) Can attain much larger sizes
Draw the diploid-dominant life cycle.
See slides.
Which paraphyletic group of nonvascular plants are extremely drought tolerant?
Bryophytes
Describe the difference between monocots and dicots, then give an example plant of each.
Monocot - one cotyledon (seed leaf), parallel veins. Ex: corn
Dicot - two cotyledons (seed leaf), branched veins.
Ex: apple tree
Describe the difference between tracheids and vessel elements, and then give an example of where each is found.
Tracheids - long, narrow, tapered cells with overlapping ends and pits to slow water flow (found in all vascular plants)
Vessel elements - Shorter, wider cells that are stacked end-to-end to form more open vessels for faster water transport (found in angiosperms and some gymnosperms).
Create a Venn diagram of the differences and similarities of simple and complex multicellularity. Include 5 bullet points in simple multicellularity and complex multicellularity, and 3 similarities between the two.
See slides for example answer.
See slides for the answer.
What is Xylem made of? Draw and describe the two examples.
See slides - tracheids and vessel elements.
Describe the function of fruits and from what plant anatomy they are formed.
Form: Formed from the ovary wall, but sometimes the sepal and/or petals, and induced to form by the seed endosperm.
Function: protect seeds and enhance seed dispersal.