Themes of Biology (Unit 1)
Where does all energy on earth come from?
The sun
How many valence electrons are needed for the valence shell to be filled?
8
What do Eukaryotes have in their cells that Prokaryotes don't?
Membrane Bound Organelles, Nucleus
What color does a gram negative bacteria stain?
red/pink
What domain does a sunflower fall under?
Eukarya
What are the 3 domains of life?
Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
If an element has 4 electrons and a neutral charge, as well as housing 6 neutrons, what is the atomic weight?
10 (4 pro + 6 neu)
What is the function of Lysosomes?
To digest and repurpose byproducts in the cell (the stomach)
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission
What is the function of the vacuole?
To hold water and other materials for the cell (Larger in plant cells to aid with structure)
What are the unifying themes of biology (there are 5).
Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, and Evolution
What 4 elements make up 96% of life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Packages and ships molecules across the cell. Think UPS. They make the label and send the box, they don't make the thing being sent.
What do some bacteria species form when nutrients are not available?
endospores
Which biomolecule is responsible for most of the cell membrane?
lipids (phospholipids)
What are the 7 emergent properties required for an organism to be considered an organism?
Order, Evolution, Regulation, Energy Processing, Growth and Development, Response to the Environment
What is the monomer of a lipid?
Lipids do not have monomers.
What is the function of the peroxisomes?
To clean up chemical waste in the cell (garbage man)
What stains are required for gram staining?
Crystal violet, and safranin
What biomolecule is responsible for the entire translation process?
Nucleic acids (ribosomal RNA)
Who produced the theory of natural selection? What is Natural Selection?
Charles Darwin, the mechanism where the natural environment “selects” for the reproduction of
beneficial traits
Name the purines and pyridines. What would happen to the DNA structure if two purines paired?
Purine - A and G
Pyrimidine - T, U, and C
The DNA would get too large and there would be a lump
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Answers will vary.
What are the 3 ways bacteria gain genetic diversity and summarize what they do.
Conjugation - Pilus is used to insert plasmid into another cell
Transformation - Cells take in DNA in the Environment
Transduction - Bacteriophage infects cell with its DNA
What are the 4 stages of protein synthesis? Summarize each.
Primary - Amino acid chain
Secondary - Beta pleated sheet or alpha helix
Tertiary - Multiple secondary structures bound together
Quaternary - Multiple tertiary structures bound together