Ch 5: Macromolecules
Explain hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.
What is the adding of water to break apart molecules and the taking out of water to join molecules together?
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cell.
Sufficient description will receive points.
Water passed through a membrane from high to low concentration with or without the use of an aquaporin.
What is osmosis?
Exocytosis
What is the transport of vesicles that migrate to the membrane to fuse and release their contents?
Contributed from saturated and trans-fats that cause plaque build-up in the arteries.
What is cardiovascular disease?
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
What are fatty acid tails that have no double bonded Carbon and is solid at room temperature? What are fatty acid tails that have a double bonded Carbon and is liquid at room temperature?
Synthesis of phospholipid happens here.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Three words to describe tonicity and their definitions.
What are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?
α (alpha) helix, β sheet
What are shapes of protein in secondary structure caused by hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone?
One amino acid changed in the primary structure of a hemoglobin protein that causes proteins to change shape. Thus, unable to carry as much oxygen.
What is sickle cell disease?
All macromolecules and their bonds.
What are carbohydrates (glycosidic), lipids (ester), proteins (peptide), nucleic acids (phosphodiester)?
Mitochondria vs Chloroplast.
Sufficient description will receive points.
Describe 3 different types of transport and provide one example for each.
What is... Passive transport, Active transport, Bulk transport? (Diffusion, Electrogenic pumps, phagocytosis)
Turgid, flaccid, plasmolyzed
What are plant cells that has water and excess water stored in the central vacuole, that has water and no excess water stored, and that has not enough water to function?
Nonfunctional chloride transporter caused by a mutation in the CFTR protein. This disables the ability to relieve the lungs of Cl ions. Mucus builds up and becomes thick while Cl gets trapped in the body.
What is cystic fibrosis?
Functions of nucleic acids and process of gene expression.
What are replication of DNA and synthesis of proteins? What is transcription, translation, protein folding?
Grows out from the centrosome and shapes the cell, separates chromosomes during cell division, guides movement of organelles, and interacts with motor proteins to transport vesicles.
Draw and describe cell membrane.
What has a bilayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, membrane proteins, and functions as a selectively permeable barrier for a cell?
Sub, extra, intra, inter prefixes
What are below, outside, inside, and between?
Mutation in the HEXA gene that causes a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme hexosaminidase (breaks down GM2 which causes nerve cell destruction). Symptoms include seizures, delay/loss of motor skills, death in early childhood.
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
Nucleotide, amino acid, monosaccharide, and fatty acid structure.
Sufficient drawing and explanation will receive points.
Define phagocytosis, autophagy, and lysosomal enzymes.
What is the cell engulfing another cell to digest harmful cells, viruses, or nutrients? What is the use of enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules? What are proteins that break down waste?
Functions of membrane proteins and an example for each.
What is transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM?
Nucleus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, mitochondria, cytoskeleton
What are cell organelles?
Slow acting indestructible infectious proteins that converts normal proteins into the misfolded version. Ex: BSE/Mad cow disease, scrapie, CJS.
What are prion diseases?