Acellular Pathogens
Is a virus a living organism or a non-living particle?
Non-living
Penicillin comes from what bacteria?
Penicillium notatum
"Exists prior to exposure to a microbe or microbial product" refers to innate or adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity
Would humoral or cellular immunity be effective against EXTRAcellular pathogens?
Humoral
Germ theory of disease
Why would someone be asked if they're allergic to eggs before receiving a vaccine?
Embryonated eggs can be used as a base for vaccines
More than half of our antibiotics are produced by?
Streptomyces species
Activation of the complement system by bacteria leads to which of the following outcomes?
A. cytolysis
B. inflammation
C. opsonization
D. all of the above
E. A & C
D. All of the above
The Fc region (crystallizable fragment) on an antibody is also known as?
The constant region
A patient telling you about subjective descriptions that may not be measurable such as nausea and pain would be a sign, symptom, or syndrome?
Symptom
HIV becomes AIDS when the ___ cell population drops below 200 microliters.
CD4
Use of a microbial drug to prevent an infection is classified as?
Prophylaxis
What are the 7 components of innate immunity?
Barrier-based defense, Phagocytes, Inflammation, Fever, The complement system, Interferons & Antimicrobial substances
"cross-linking microbes or toxins together; large aggregates become easier for the kidneys and spleen to filter from the blood and easier for phagocytes to ingest" refers to which of the 5 mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity?
Agglutination
Salmonellosis, Lyme disease, rabies, etc. refers to which classification of infectious disease?
Zoonotic disease/zoonosis
This enzyme helps with insertion of viral DNA into chromosomes in the process of HIV replication
Integrase
Would trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole used together result in synergism or antagonism?
Synergism
"motile, appear late in infection, scavengers" describe what kind of phagocyte?
This immunoglobulin is important for mucosal immunity
Secretory IgA dimer
Which is more virulent?
Bacterium 1: ID50/LD50 = 10^2
Bacterium 3: ID50/LD50 = 10^7
Bacterium 1
"Viral RNA enters the nucleus, where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase" describes which step in the multiplication of the influenza virus?
Biosynthesis
What drug binds to the end of the peptide chain (ala-ala) of cell wall precursors and blocks the cell wall subunits from being incorporated into the backbone of the peptidoglycan structure
Vancomycin
"Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells" describes what major event in inflammation?
Diapedesis
What cells stimulate B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells?
T helper 2 cells
The LD 50 of Vibrio cholerae is 10^8 cells when taken orally. The LD50 value is 10^4 if the bacteria are ingested with bicarbonate that elevates the pH of stomach acid. This indicates that stomach acid...
A. decreases the virulence of V. cholerae
B. increases the virulence of V. cholerae
C. has no effect on virulence
D. plays a role in host resistance to V. cholerae
E. A & D
E. A & D
A. decreases the virulence of V. cholerae
D. plays a role in host resistance to V. cholerae