Extra (Plants & Speciation)
What is the vascular tissue in vascular plants?
Xylem & Phloem
What are the three Domains in taxonomy?
Archaea, (Eu)Bacteria, & Eukaryota
What are the different types of bacterial metabolisms? (Hint: all about oxygen!)
Obligate Aerobes (require oxygen), Obligate Anaerobes (require absence of oxygen), and Facultative Anaerobes (can survive w/ or w/o oxygen)
Why is it important to study protists? (One or multiple!)
Any of these:
- Ecologically important (algal blooms or through the carbon cycle)
- Spread of diseases
Why is it important to study plants? (One or multiple!)
- Ecological services (producing oxygen, maintaining soil, providing shade, building materials)
- Primary producers (bottom of the food chain, carbon cycle)
- Fuel (dead plants turn to coal)
- Health (fiber and medicine)
What is transported in each respective vascular tissue?
Xylem - Water
Phloem - Sugar
What are the four major kingdoms in Eukaryota?
Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
What type of bacteria is thought to have introduced into the primitive atmosphere?
Cyanobacteria
What nutritional modes can be found in protists?
Autotrophic, Mixotrophic, & Heterotrophic
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O —> C6H12O6 + O2
What are the two different modes of speciation? (Optional: examples of each?)
Allopatric & Sympatric
- Allopatric is purely geographic isolation, so geologic barriers
- Sympatric is non-geographic; temporal, behavioral, reproductive (pre- and post-zygotic) isolations
What distinguishes prokaryote cells from eukaryote cells?
Non-membrane-bound organelles* - no nucleus, free floating DNA
What is an extremophile? (Optional: what are some examples?)
Organisms (especially Archaeans) that live within extreme environments.
Examples: halophile (salt), thermoacidophile (hot!), methanogen (low oxygen)
What modes of movement can be found in protists?
Or swimming through flagella (single or double long, "tails") or cilia (multiple short "hairs")
What are the major types of Plants?
Nonvascular, Seedless Vascular, Seed & Vascular, Angiosperms (Flowering)
What are some possibilities for two previously isolated populations that come back into contact? (One or multiple!)
- Fusion of populations
- Extinction of one population
- Reinforcement of divergence
- Hybrid zone formation
- Formation of new species
What are photoautotrophs? (Optional: what are some examples?)
They can synthesize organic carbon from an inorganic form using energy gained from sources like sunlight; essentially what drives photosynthesis.
Examples would be plants and some bacteria!
What distinguishes gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria have a very thick peptidoglycan wall that retains gram-stain dye and stains purple.
Gram-negative bacteria have a reduced peptidoglycan wall and do not retain dye; appear red.
What are the modes of reproduction in protists?
Asexual, Sexual, or a combination of both; also accept Alternation of Generations (which usually combines the two)
What are some adaptations plants have for life on land? (One or multiple!)
- Cuticles and/or Stomata (for dryness)
- Cuticle and/or UV-absorbing compounds (for UV radiation)
- Vascular Tissue (for water transport; Xylem and Phloem)
- Reproduction changes (spores/seeds, specialized gametes, embryos)
- Size!
What is polyploidy?
the condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes caused by an error in mitosis or meiosis
What is thought to be the origin of multicellularity? (One or multiple!)
Any of these:
- endosymbiosis theory for mitochrondria (host cell takes up a resident bacterial cell)
- chloroplast origin (protist engulfs a cyanobacterium)
- nuclear envelope origin (infoldings of plasma membrane)
- colonial theory (first multicellular forms were colonies)
What are the three common shapes for bacteria?
Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilli
What are the major Protist supergroups?
Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta
The three organelles contained in a plant cell but not an animal cell:
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast