Antibiotics, Therapy and Resistance
This class of antibiotics blocks folic acid synthesis by competing with PABA for the active site of an enzyme, preventing bacteria from producing essential nucleotides.
What are sulfonamides?
This method of microbial control removes microbes from a limited area, often used in wound cleaning.
What is degerming?
Microbes that thrive in environments with very low pH are known as this.
What are acidophiles?
This is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce, involving chromosome duplication and a transverse septum formation.
What is binary fission?
This process builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.
What is anabolism?
This class of antibiotics blocks tRNA docking on the ribosome, stopping protein synthesis.
What are tetracyclines?
This common household disinfectant is most effective at a 10% working solution.
What is bleach?
This term describes microbes that thrive in extremely high salt concentrations.
What are halophiles?
This phase of bacterial growth occurs when cell division equals cell death due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.
What is the stationary phase?
This enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
What is catalase?
This class of antibiotics blocks peptidoglycan synthesis by cleaving NAG-NAM bonds.
What are β-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins)?
The effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent depends on this property of the microbial population, such as Gram-positive vs. Gram-negative bacteria.
What is the nature of microbes (microbial characteristics)?
These microbes require oxygen but at levels lower than atmospheric concentrations.
What are microaerophiles?
Food left at room temperature can become hazardous because bacteria in this phase multiply at maximum speed.
What is the log (exponential) phase?
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this.
What is activation energy?
This antibiotic targets RNA polymerase during transcription, making it a potent drug against bacterial infections.
What is rifampin?
This principle in antimicrobial therapy refers to targeting microbial structures or functions that are absent in the host, reducing toxicity.
What is selective toxicity?
These microbes thrive in extremely high hydrostatic pressures, often above 1000 atm, and are found in the deep-sea.
What are barophiles?
In the death phase of bacterial growth, this environmental factor intensifies, contributing to the exponential decline of viable cells.
What is toxic waste accumulation or low pH?
These molecules are non-protein helpers that assist enzymes in their function.
What are cofactors?
This laboratory test uses antibiotic-impregnated disks on an agar plate to measure the zone of inhibition, determining bacterial susceptibility to different antibiotics.
What is the Kirby-Bauer test?
Rank the following from least resistant to most resistant: endospores, naked viruses, mycobacteria, fungi, prions, gram + bacteria, vegetative protozoa, enveloped viruses, gram - bacteria.
What is enveloped viruses, gram + bacteria, naked viruses, fungi, gram - bacteria, vegetative protozoa, cysts of protozoa, mycobacteria, endospores, prions?
Enzymes that function best at high pH levels belong to organisms classified as these.
What are alkaliphiles?
If a bacterium with a 15-minute generation time starts with 3 cells, after two hours, this many bacteria will be present.
What is 768 bacteria?
This type of enzyme is composed of proteins only while this other type of protein is composed of proteins and nonprotein molecules.
What are simples enzymes and conjugated enzymes?