Intro to Anatomy + Cells
The Tibia is _____ to the femur
Proximal (Or inferior works too)
What are the four types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissues
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum Corneum, Lucidium, Granulosm, Spinosum, Basal
"Come, Lets Get SunBurnt!"
Explain how your bones maintain calcium homeostasis.
Calcium levels are too high in blood = sensed by the thyroid gland which releases calcitonin -- sent to the bone to stimulate osteoblast and inhibits osteoclast -- sent to kidneys to pee out Ca2+
Calcium levels are too low in blood = sensed by parathyroid gland which releases PTH -- PTH sent to bone which stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblast -- PTH also sent to kidneys to keep Ca2+ and release calcitrol (goes to small intestine)
In which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes found?
Stratum germinativum aka stratum basale
How many organ systems are there? List all of them.
11 organ systems: respiratory, urinary, nervous, muscular, reproductive, skeletal, lymphatic, integumentary, digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular
"RUN MRS LIDEC"
What are the three types of connective tissues? Briefly explain the function, and give one example of each.
Connective tissue proper = functions to connect and protect [loose and dense regular/irregular connective tissue -- reticular, adipose, areolar (loose) -- suspensory ligaments (dense regular) -- dermis (dense irregular)
Supportive connective tissue = structural strength (cartilage and bone)
Fluid Connective Tissue = transport (blood and lymph)
What does a 1st, 2nd & 3rd Degree burn mean?
1st = affects the epidermis
2nd = affects the epidermis & dermis
3rd = affects the epidermis, dermis & hypodermis
What is the function of epiphyseal plate? Why do people stop growing after puberty?
The epiphyseal plate allows for elongation of bone in developing children. The epiphyseal plate is mostly cartilaginous until you go through puberty, in which it transitions to bony material. In short, epiphyseal plate (found in children) turns into epiphyseal line (found in adults).
What is endocytosis? What are the three types?
Endocytosis = active transport using ATP = materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.
o Pinocytosis = Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid
o Phagocytosis = engulf large objects in phagosomes = form of defense = part
of immune system
o Receptor mediated endocytosis = bring in big things like Low density
lipoproteins = bad = bring cholesterol to cells
Your esophagus is located in what cavity?
Mediastinum
What are the three types of muscle tissues? Give an example of each.
What are the two types of neural tissues?
Skeletal (voluntary muscle, ex = biceps), Cardiac (involuntary, only found in heart), Smooth (involuntary, ex: blood vessels)
neurons = conduct electrical impulses & neuroglia = supporting cells of neuroglia which functions to maintain neuron, repair neurons, and supply them with nutrients
Name and describe all four exocrine glands.
Sebaceous = secretes sebum to moisten hair, waterproofs, and soften skin; Sudoriferous = sweat glands, Ceruminous = secrete ear wax for protection, Mammary glands = secretes breast milk that contains immune cells
What are the four steps of bone repair?
1.The reactive phase is an early inflammatory phase = hematoma.
2.The reparative phase includes formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first.
3.Reparative phase includes bony callus formation.
4.The bone remodeling phase is the last step as the bony callus is remodeled.
Define osmolarity and tonicity. What are the three forms of tonicity. Explain how each type would affect a red blood cell.
Osmolarity = total solute concentration; Tonicity = the ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell
•Isotonic: A solution with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol
= cells stay happy; no net movement of water
• Hypertonic solution: A solution having greater solute concentration than that
of the cytosol = water will leave the cell and the cell will shrink
• Hypotonic solution: A solution having lower solute concentration than that of
the cytosol = water will enter the cell and the cells will burst
1. Glycolysis = Cytoplasm
2. Transition reaction = Mitochondria
3. Krebs cycle = Mitochondria
4. Electron Transport Chain = Mitchondria
Provide examples of the four types of membranes.
- Serous Membranes = The serous membrane around the lungs
- Mucous Membranes = The Mucous Membrane inside the small intestine or in the nose
- Synovial Membranes = Around Synovial Joints like the shoulder joint (Ball and socket)
- Cutaneous Membranes = The skin
Name the 5 usual signs of melanoma
Asymmetry
Border = edges are notched, irregular
Color = not uniform, different shades. Diameter larger than 6 mm and is growing larger
Evolving = changes in color, shape, size
Which bone shape helps with mechanical advantage? Explain how it helps. What analogy can you use to help explain it?
Sesamoid bones, such as the patella and the big toe, increases mechanical advantage by extending the length of the bone. By doing so, less force is required to perform a certain behavior. Think of door analogy.
What are the most common ions found inside the cell? Outside the cell? W
What type of active transport helps maintain the resting charge of -70mV?
Inside the cell = K+ & Outside the cell = Na+, Ca2+, Cl-
Sodium Potassium ATPase which removes 3 Na+ from the cell and brings in 2 K+ against Gradient
Describe the function of the following organelles: plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, microvilli, centriole, cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes, peroxisomes, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
plasma membrane = physical isolation, regulates exchange with environment, monitors environment, structural support
cytoskeleton = structural proteins for shape and strength
microvilli = increase surface area for absorption
centrioles = form spindle apparatus during cell division
cilia = small hair-like extensions that beat rhythmically back and forth
ribosomes = protein synthesis
proteasomes = destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
peroxisomes = uses oxygen to catalytically detoxify & break down fatty acids
golgi apparatus = packages macromolecules
smooth er = lipid production, carbs metabolism, and detox of drugs
rough er = protein synthesis
What are the 9 connective tissue proper cells?
1. Fibroblasts = produces collagen = protein and other fibers. Also repair
2. Macrophages - Large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system
3. Adipocytes - Fat cells = store fat
4. Mesenchymal Cells - Stem cells
5. Mast Cells - Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection = immune system
6. Leukocytes = white blood cells (WBC) = immune cells
7. Microphages – smaller = Phagocytic blood cells = defense
8. Plasma cells (Plasmocyte) = secrete antibodies = immune cells
9. Melanocytes - Synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin
What layer of the skin gives the skin flexibility & strength?
Stratum Spinosum
What are the 8 fracture types? Briefly describe each one.
•Open (compound) fracture = The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
•Closed (simple) fracture = Does not break the skin
•Comminuted fracture = The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces
•Greenstick fracture = A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
•Impacted fracture = One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another
•Pott’s fracture = Fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation
•Colles’ fracture = A fracture of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced
•Stress fracture = A series of microscopic fissures in bone
What are the three steps of protein synthesis? Explain each one.
1. Transcription = Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA = in nucleus
2. Translation = Ribosome reads code from mRNA = in cytoplasm -- Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain
3. Processing = By RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein
The nucleus contains chromosomes → Chromosomes contain DNA → DNA
stores genetic instructions for proteins → Proteins determine cell
structure and function