Innate Immunity
Edema, erythema, heat, and pain are all characteristic symptoms of this condition.
Which line of host defense is this?
2nd line - Inflammation
In theory, vaccines should cause an immune response with a higher titer of which antibody?
IgG
Which of the following statements would not apply to a sporadic disease? (Listen carefully)
+100 pts if you can list 2 nationally notifiable diseases
C. "The CDC reports a thousand new cases of this disease every day."
+Gonorrhea, HIV, or Syphilis
True or False: Antitoxins are immunoglobulins.
True
In 1854, the English physician John Snow observed an outbreak of a disease afflicting 616 residents in Soho, London. Reported cases of this disease listed severe abdominal cramps, frequent vomiting, and rice water stools as common symptoms. Which treatment would be the most effective against this disease?
Oral rehydration therapy and electrolyte replacement
Which phagocyte is the most common type found in the human body?
(Do you know the abundance of the leukocytes? What line and defense does this belong to?)
Neutrophils
What are the five consequences of immune complex interaction?
+100 pts for each interaction you can explain: which Ig is involved and how Ag is destroyed
Agglutination: IgM clumps
Opsonization: IgG attracts (sprinkled donut)
Neutralization: IgG or IgA-monomer blocks toxins/viruses from attaching to mucosa
Activation of complement: CP binds to IgG or IgM, then lyses Ag
ADCC: IgE attaches to worm & eosinophil etc. which releases enzymes killing worm
Which of the following statements is an example of the prevalence of a disease? (Listen carefully)
B. "Between 2000 and 2010, the number of cases declined steadily."
What is the parenteral route?
Give me two examples.
Non-oral entry, where pathogens are deposited into the bloodstream by intravenous (IV) needle or insect bites
What is the mode of transmission for Shigellosis?
What are the 3 ways microbes can evade phagocytosis?
Capsule = big protective cushion
Leukocidins = pore-forming toxins used to kill phagocytes
Mycolic acid = inhibits lysosome enzymes, so it can multiply inside phagocytes
Give two examples of antigen-presenting cells. What kind of T cell can bind to them?
Macrophage and Dendritic cells present to T helper cells
What are the two outcomes of peak of illness?
+100 pts if you draw/label the 6 stages of disease and explain the period of illness
Period of decline or death
Which of the following is not true regarding exotoxins? (Listen carefully)
C. "Exotoxins are produced mainly by Gram-negative bacteria."
Which of the following diseases has a high mortality rate if not treated in a timely manner? Viral Gastroenteritis, Staphylococcal Intoxication, Cholera, Tapeworm Infection, or Hepatitis A
Cholera
An increased number of eosinophils in a patient's blood outside of the normal range would be an indicator of what?
Parasitic infection
Which is artificial/natural/passive/active?
1. Flu vaccination
2. Antibodies secreted in breast milk
3. Influenza infection
4. Immunoglobulin therapy
1. Flu vaccination - Artificial Active
2. Antibodies secreted in breast milk - Natural Passive
3. Influenza infection - Natural Active
4. Immunoglobulin therapy - Artificial Passive
Explain in correct sequence all four of Koch’s postulates.
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
Pathogen from the pure culture must cause the same disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy host (laboratory animal).
The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
How do endotoxins cause fevers? (Listen carefully)
B. "Phagocytosis leads to the release of cytokines"
Which diseases have causative agents that multiply in phagocytes? (3)
Salmonellosis, Typhoid Fever, Brucellosis
(dinner with Mary and Bruce <3)
Describe the 3 results of complement activation AND the 3 ways microbes can evade the activated complement system.
1. Opsonization = CP coat pathogen to attract phagocyte
2. Inflammation = CP bind to mast cells, releasing histamine, so phagocytes can arrive thru leaky blood vessel
3. Cytolysis = CP create membrane attack complex to create a hole in pathogen membrane
1. Capsule production makes it harder for CP to bind
2. Bacterial enzymes inhibit MAC formation
3. Protease inhibit CP
List the 5 immunoglobulin classes in order of abundance in the body, and a fact about each one.
IgA = dimer in secretions, monomer on mucous linings
IgG = most abundant in blood, long-lived, transplacental
IgM = pentamer, primary responder, short-lived
IgD = self-tolerance
IgE = histamine/allergies, parasites
Covering your coughs and sneezes is a good preventative for which mode of transmission?
Explain the 3 principal routes of disease transmission.
Contact - Droplet
1. Contact (direct, indirect, droplet)
2. Vehicle (airborne, waterborne, foodborne)
3. Vector (mechanical, biological)
List the 3 types of exotoxins by number and name, and describe the mechanisms of action for each type.
Type I: Superantigens: causes proliferation of T cells, releasing cytokines, leading to fever
Type II: Membrane-Disrupting Toxins: form channels in cell membrane, disrupting the phospholipid part
Type III: A-B Toxins: inhibit protein synthesis in host cells
A patient visits the doctor regarding stomach problems. Stool samples from the patient show traces of blood and mucus. The doctor prescribes an antiparasitic drug. Which of the following diseases was the most probable disease? Brucellosis, Amoebic Dysentery, Bacillary Dysentery, Staphylococcal Intoxication, or Salmonellosis?
Amoebic Dysentery