Imm. Disorders
What are protein molecules displayed on WBCs and other cell surfaces that can act as self-antigens to match tissue compatibility?
HLA Complex
(Human Leukocyte Antigen)
Describe briefly, but completely, two desirable attributes of an ideal vaccine.
(Brief) Safety, Effectiveness, Oral Admin., Req. only one injection, Affordable and easy access
What term would be used to determine how long it takes to kill 90% of Clostridium botulinum at 121 degrees Celsius?
Thermal death time
What do Penicillins inhibit the synthesis of?
Peptidoglycan
A patient undergoes a desensitization program. If successful, which class of antibody should the patient's immune system respond with in response to a desensitized antigen?
IgG
Provide 3 examples of primary/congenital immune deficiencies and 3 examples of secondary/acquired immune deficiencies.
Primary: Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia, DiGeorge Syndrome, SCID (Which immune system is missing?)
Secondary: Immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant, chemotherapy/radiation therapy for cancer patients, infection like HIV
Describe briefly, but completely, two desirable attributes of an ideal serological test.
(Brief) High specificity/accuracy, High sensitivity, Easy set-up and interpretation, High throughput, Affordable and easy access
Describe briefly, but completely, two desirable attributes of an ideal chemical agent.
Safe- must be non-toxic to humans, animals, and plants
Effective at low concentrations
Suitable for broad/spectrum/ wide range use
What is the difference between natural and semisynthetic Penicillins?
Natural penicillins: narrow-spectrum, derived from fungus Penicillium, sensitive to penicillinase
Semisynthetic penicillins: broad-spectrum, natural and synthetic, resistant to penicillinase
Listen carefully for answer choices.
Which of the following does NOT achieve sterilization?
E. Pasteurization
What are the 4 types of autoimmune diseases? Provide examples.
I: Ab made against non-self Ag will attack anything incl. self-Ag
II: Ab block host cells' receptors (Myastenia Gravis-skeletal & Graves' Disease-thyroid gland)
III: immune complexes form and deposit in host tissues (Lupus-kidney & Rheumo.arth-joints)
IV: T cell-mediated destruction of self (MS-myelin & Type 1 Diabetes-pancreas)
What are the 6 types of vaccines? Give examples for each.
Live, attenuated- MMR
Inactivated, killed- Polio/Flu
Toxoid- Td
Conjugated (strong protein)- Pneumococcal
Subunit (antigenic fragments)- Hep. B / Pertussis (DTaP)
mRNA- COVID-19
Which terms best describe:
1. Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue
2. Removal of microbes from injection site on skin
3. Lowers microbial count on utensils
1. Antiseptic
2. Degerming
3. Sanitization
Which two mechanisms would be most effective against a helminthic infection? (MOA for antihelminthic drugs)
Inhibition of nutrient absorption and Neuromuscular block/paralysis
Listen carefully for answer choices.
Which of the following would most likely decrease the effectiveness of a chemical agent of microbial control?
A. Decreasing the temperature
What are the names of the 4 types of Hypersensitivity Reactions? Give examples.
Anaphylactic- Allergic rxns and anaphylactic shock
Cytotoxic- ABO blood group system, HDNB, drug-induced rxns
Immune Complex- Arthus Reaction and Serum Sickness
Delayed Cell-Mediated- Tuberculin Skin Test and Allergic Contact Dermatitis
In a complement fixation test, if the patient provides no antibodies, what does the lab provide? What would happen during the indicator stage?
Lab provides Ag and complement.
There is no complement fixation because the patient does not have Ab. When the lab introduces sheep RBC and Ab to the sheep RBC, hemolysis occurs because the complement (not used up in the complement-fixation stage) binds to the sheep immune complex. Hemolysis = Negative test = No Dz
What are the two most resistant microbes and the two most sensitive?
Resistant: prions and endospores
Sensitive: gram-positive bacteria and viruses with lipid envelopes
What does the S in VRSA stand for?
What is the lowest concentration of a drug needed to stop the growth of a pathogen?
Which two tests determine the term above?
Staphylococcus
MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration)
E-Test and Broth Dilution Tests
Listen carefully for answer choices.
Which of the following would most likely result in a blood transfusion reaction?
C. Donor is Type A and Rh-positive, Recipient is Type A and Rh-negative
I'm going to read aloud descriptions. Tell me which type it matches. You can choose the questions you want: HS, Autoimmune Dz, or both.
Great job!
What is the difference between a direct and indirect serological test?
Give examples of all serological tests and say if it is direct or indirect if applicable.
Precipitation: indirect VDRL, direct Lancefield
Agglutination: Hemagglutination, indirect Ab Quantitation
Neutralization (indirect only): Toxin neutralization, Viral hemagglutination inhibition
Fluorescent-Antibody: direct (GAS), indirect (Syphilis + Fl-anti-human Ab)
Complement-Fixation: indirect
ELISA: direct (sandwich), indirect (anti-human Ab)
Moist heat:
Is this physical or chemical? What is the MOA?
Which example involves pressure?
What are the 3 advantages of pasteurization?
Physical; kills by denaturation
Autoclave
Kills pathogen sans spores, extends shelf-life of product, and keeps quality of taste
(should also know other example and types of pasteurization)
List the 4 families/classes of cell wall synthesis inhibitors for antibiotics.
What does the Aminoglycoside family inhibit?
What about Sulfonamides?
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Polypeptide, Antimycobacterial
Aminoglycoside inhibits protein synthesis (tRNA incorrectly reads mRNA code)
Sulfonamides inhibit essential metabolite synthesis (Sulfa competes with PABA = no folic acid)
Listen carefully for answer choices.
Pain and edema at the site of an injection may be an indication of this.
C. Immune Complex Hypersensitivity