Histology
True or False: Simple non-ciliated columnar epithelium does not have microvilli.
A child is born with extremely fragile skin that forms blisters with minor friction or pressure. Genetic testing confirms a diagnosis of junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Which epidermal layer is likely malfunctioning?
Stratum basale
True or False: Canaliculi are not necessary in ossified bone
False
True or False: Circumduction is an angular movement
True
How does the structure of a motor unit influence the precision of muscle control?
Smaller motor units allow for finer control of movement.
A patient with an autoimmune disease has abnormal joint pain and stiffness. Which membrane is likely compromised?
Synovial membrane
A patient undergoes surgery to remove skin cancer. The pathology report notes "asymmetry, irregular borders, multiple colors, diameter over 6mm, and evolving changes in size." What is the significance of these findings?
These features are criteria for diagnosing malignant melanoma.
What could happen if the epiphyseal growth plates close prematurely in a child?
Longitudinal bone growth would cease, leading to shorter stature.
Why are synovial joints more prone to injury compared to fibrous or cartilaginous joints?
Their high range of motion compromises joint stability
What would happen if the sarcoplasmic reticulum were unable to reabsorb calcium ions efficiently?
The muscle would remain in a contracted state, unable to relax.
A surgeon notices that epithelial tissue heals quickly after minor injuries. Which property of epithelial cells best explains this phenomenon?
Regeneration through germinative cells
A surgeon is planning an incision for a cosmetic procedure. They want to minimize scarring and ensure faster healing. Based on your knowledge of skin anatomy, what should they consider?
Align the incision parallel to lines of cleavage
Why might endochondral ossification be essential for the formation of most bones in the body?
It uses hyaline cartilage as a model to form bones, enabling growth in length.
In terms of functional classification, why might a synarthrosis convert to a synostosis over time?
To provide additional stability and strength after growth is complete.
Why is ATP necessary for both muscle contraction and relaxation?
ATP binds to myosin heads and detaches them from actin
A structural engineer models tendons that must withstand unidirectional force. Which connective tissue type should they mimic for optimal strength?
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
A patient reports excessive sweating during exercise and notices that the sweat is watery and odorless. However, they also mention occasional sticky, odorous sweat in the armpit region during stress. Which glands are responsible for these observations?
Eccrine glands produce the watery sweat, while apocrine glands are responsible for the sticky, odorous sweat.
How does vitamin D deficiency lead to the development of rickets in children?
It reduces calcium absorption, preventing proper mineralization of bone.
A student enters a talent show and demonstrates that he is able to move his jaw towards his posterior side. What kind of special movement would his special talent be considered?
Retraction
If a muscle is overstretched beyond its optimal resting length, why does tension production decrease?
Myosin heads cannot bind effectively due to reduced overlap with actin.
A tissue sample reveals fibers forming a supportive framework for lymph nodes and bone marrow. Which type of connective tissue is this?
Reticular Tissue
A firefighter sustains burns to the entire anterior and posterior surfaces of both legs and the anterior surface of their torso. Using the Rule of Nines, what percentage of their body surface area is affected?
What physiological response would occur if blood calcium levels dropped below the normal range?
Parathyroid hormone would stimulate osteoclasts to increase bone resorption
If the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee is torn, what functional limitations might the patient experience?
Instability in the knee, especially during rotational or forward movements.
A patient experiences muscle weakness and fatigue. Tests reveal a lack of ACh receptors at the motor end plate. Which condition is most likely, and how does it affect muscle contraction?
Myasthenia Gravis