Nervous Tissue
Brain
Spinal Cord
ANS
100

If a neuron is hyperpolarized, what is the most likely explanation?

  • Potassium ions exited the cell or chloride ions entered, making it more negative.
  • Sodium ions entered the cell, making it more positive.
  • Calcium ions accumulated inside the cell.
  • Voltage-gated channels became inactivated.

Potassium ions exited the cell or chloride ions entered, making it more negative.

100

How might a blockage in the cerebral aqueduct affect the brain's functionality?

  • It would impair motor coordination by disrupting cerebellar communication.
  • It would block blood supply to the thalamus, impairing sensory relay.
  • It could lead to hydrocephalus due to disrupted cerebrospinal fluid flow.
  • It would decrease melatonin production by the pineal gland.

It could lead to hydrocephalus due to disrupted cerebrospinal fluid flow.

100

What are the connective tissue layers that surround the spinal nerve from superficial to deep

  • epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
  • endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
  • perineurium, endoneurium, perineurium
  • epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

100

Preganglionic neurons below the diaphragm are called ______ nerves and meet at a _______ ganglion

  • splanchnic; collateral
  • splanchnic; sympathetic chain
  • sympathetic; collateral
  • sympathetic; terminal

splanchnic; collateral

200

How does the blood-brain barrier, maintained by astrocytes, protect the central nervous system?

  • By allowing all substances to freely enter the brain for rapid signaling
  • By filtering out harmful pathogens and regulating the chemical environment
  • By increasing the speed of action potential propagation through the brain
  • By promoting rapid diffusion of ions across neuron membranes

By filtering out harmful pathogens and regulating the chemical environment

200

A patient experiences impaired motor coordination and balance after a traumatic brain injury. Which brain region is most likely affected, and why?

  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus

Cerebellum

200

Which of these are NOT related to peripheral nerves?

  • dorsal/ventral rami
  • rami communicantes
  • tracts
  • afferent fibers

tracts

200

A lesion in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord between T1 and L2 would most likely affect:

  • Voluntary movement of the lower limbs
  • Sensory input from the skin
  • Sympathetic motor output
  • Parasympathetic innervation of abdominal organs

Sympathetic motor output

300

A patient has a demyelinating disorder that impacts motor functions. Which cell type in the nervous system is likely affected, and why?

  • Astrocytes; they maintain blood-brain barrier integrity
  • Schwann cells; they form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system
  • Microglia; they perform phagocytosis in the CNS
  • Ependymal cells; they assist in cerebrospinal fluid circulation

Schwann cells; they form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system

300

A stroke patient has difficulty speaking but understands language. Damage to which area of the brain would most likely explain this deficit?

  • Broca’s area
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Wernicke’s area

Broca's area

300

Spinal nerve plexuses form from:

  • white rami
  • anterior rami
  • posterior rami
  • grey rami

anterior rami

300

Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

  • Stimulating digestion
  • Reducing heart rate
  • Increasing metabolic rate
  • Promoting salivation

Increasing metabolic rate

400

What might happen if ligand-gated ion channels on a neuron’s dendrites are blocked?

  • Action potentials could not propagate along the axon.
  • The neuron could not generate graded potentials in response to neurotransmitters.
  • Synaptic vesicles would release neurotransmitters uncontrollably.
  • Resting membrane potential would reach zero.

The neuron could not generate graded potentials in response to neurotransmitters.

400

A patient with chronic emotional stress develops high blood pressure and frequent heartburn. Which brain region could be responsible for these psychosomatic symptoms, and how?

  • Hypothalamus
  • Cerebrum
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata

Hypothalamus

400

Which of these reflexes are polysynaptic?

  • Tendon reflex
  • Patellar reflex
  • Postural reflex
  • Hoffman's reflex

Tendon reflex

400

If a sympathetic neuron synapses with the adrenal gland, what is the pathway of the neuron?

  • ventral root, grey ramus, collateral ganglion, adrenal medulla, chromaffin cell
  • dorsal root, white ramus, collateral ganglion, adrenal cortex, chromaffin cell
  • dorsal root, white ramus, collateral ganglion, adrenal medulla, chromaffin cell
  • ventral root, white ramus, collateral ganglion, adrenal medulla, chromaffin cell

ventral root, white ramus, collateral ganglion, adrenal medulla, chromaffin cell

500

During a synaptic transmission, which event is directly responsible for neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron?

  • Depolarization reaching the trigger zone
  • Binding of neurotransmitters to postsynaptic receptors
  • Exocytosis of vesicles containing neurotransmitters due to sodium influx
  • Influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated channels

Influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated channels

500

Why would damage to the basal nuclei likely result in difficulty initiating voluntary movements?

  • It disrupts sensory feedback required for motion planning.
  • It impairs the thalamic relay of sensory information.
  • It inhibits the coordination of antagonist muscle groups.
  • It prevents the cerebellum from issuing movement instructions.

It inhibits the coordination of antagonist muscle groups.

500

During a medical examination, an adult patient demonstrates an upward extension of the big toe when the sole of the foot is stroked. What does this most likely indicate?

  • Normal plantar reflex
  • Damage to the spinal cord
  • Damage to the brain
  • Normal in adults with recent exercise activity

Damage to the brain

500

During sexual intercourse, the ANS exhibit:

  • Dual innervation
  • Reciprocal inhibition
  • Independence
  • Cooperative effects

cooperative effects

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