D. of Health
Swelling of the meninges of an unknown origin is called...
What is idiopathic meningitis?
Define endemic and provide examples.
An infectious agent is considered endemic if present in a given population or given geographic location at all times.
Ex: Rabies in bats in Austin, Lime disease transmitted by deer ticks in the US, Ebola in central African nations.
Explain the Acronym for the 5 types of immunoglobulins and identify the role of the 'most important' immunoglobulin.
What is M (IgM), A (IgA), D (IgD), G (IgG), E (IgE).
IgG is the most numerous immunoglobulin and is responsible for the robust anamnestic response due to immune memory when an antigen presents in the body for a second time.
Name this important preventative force against epidemics, where collective immunity through mass immunizations prevent non-immunized individuals from contracting an illness by greatly reducing the prevelance of infection in the general population.
What is herd immunity?
The cause of disease is known as...
What is etiology?
List the 3 components of the infectious process required for all microbes.
What is 1) entry into host, 2) establish and grow, and 3) access nutrients.
In epidemiology, this term (abbreviated Ro) describes the reproductive number of an infectious disease and indicates the new number of cases generated by one infected individual.
What is the reproductive number?
Provide examples of the 3 lines of defense a human has against infection?
What are 1) First line of defense - physical barriers like skin, and chemical barriers like antimicrobial oils on skin, 2) Second line of defense - nonspecific/innate immunity like phagocytosis, inflammation, interferons and the complement system, and 3) Third line of defense - specific/acquired immunity like vaccinations, antibodies, the anamnestic response by IgG.
In a vaccine, this ingredient can trigger a stronger immune response. Provide the example mentioned in class.
What is an adjuvant?
Ex: Salt to irritate the body for stronger response.
The harmful alteration of tissue or metabolic processes is known as...
What is disease?
How is this different and related to the definition of infection?
The four major pathways that microbes use to enter the body (examples of portals of entry) include mucus membrane, placenta, skin, and __________.
What is the parenteral route?
Parenteral route refers to ....?
Compare the epidemiology terms incidence vs prevalence.
Which example is more concerning - a prevalence of 100 with an incidence of 5 or a prevalence of 10 with an incidence of 5?
Incidence is the number of new cases and indicates the rate of spreading while prevalence is the total number of cases at a given time and does not suggest spreading infection.
Case 2 indicates a large increase in new case relative to the current population with infection, suggesting a surge and possible emerging epidemic (a short-tern increase in infectious disease in a given population).
Define the term 'MHC' and provide examples of type 1 and type 2.
MHC stands for Major Histocompatibility Complex, genes that code for cell receptor gylcoyproteins (MHC molecules) that aid in 'self' and 'non-self' identification. Type 1 are genes that code for 'self' cell receptor markers and Type 2 code for molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APC) that help with the ID and destruction of 'non-self' cells.
This vaccine type uses a weakened version of the virus to stimulate an immune response without causing disease, such as the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella or the Chickenpox vaccine.
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
If a person is experiencing a parasitic helminth disease, indicate which type of leukocyte and immunoglobulin would we expect to see in higher levels.
What is eosinophils and IgE.
List one type of virulence factor (4 total) and provide an example.
What are 1) Toxins (endotoxins from GN cell walls, exotoxins like tetanus toxins), 2) Enzymes (hyaluronidase aka the spread factor), 3) Antiphagocytic factors (capsule), 4) Structural (fimibrie for attachment)
How do these virulence factors help the microorganism? (Hint: Think about the infectious process)
Compare reservoirs and vectors with examples.
Reservoirs can be living or nonliving entities which can harber infection, such as bats with rabies.
Vectors are arthropods that pass infections when they take a blood-meal, such a lime disease from a tick.
Explain what 'MAC" stands for, what it does, and what triggers its formation?
MAC stands for Membrane Attack Complex, which is a protein complex that punches a hole into the plasma membrane of pathogens, disrupting their homeostasis and lysing the cell. MAC is formed when any of the Complement system pathways are initiated.
Distinguish between a vaccine side effect and an adverse reaction with examples.
Side effects are expected, documented, normal responses such as irritation at the injection site, mild fever, chills, etc.
Adverse reactions are unexpected, highly dangerous reactions such as allergic reaction sysmptoms like shortness of breathe, significant swelling, confusion or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Define diapedesis, and indicate which two cells are capable of diapedesis.
Diapedesis is the movement of specific WBC (Neutrophils and Eosinophils) from the capillaries into tissue to fight infections.
Compare and contrast infection and intoxication.
Inflection is due to the proliferation of a pathogenic biological agent, lasts for days and often required treatment, with an onset of 3-14 days.
Intoxication is due to toxins produced by a biological agent, lasts for hours (not days), with rapid onset (hours not days).
The father of Epidemiology is famous for removing the water pump handle to stop the spread of Cholera in London in the 1850s.
Who is Dr. John Snow?
Describe the function of cytokines in the immune response.
Cytokines, small signaling proteins, can be released by CD4+ T-cells (T-Helper) to activate the humoral response by triggering B-cells to multiple, differentiate into plasma cells and produce specific antibodies against antigens. Cytokines can also activate the cell-mediated response by 1) triggering T-cytolytic cells (pre T-Killers) to multiply and differentiate into T-Killer capable of inducing infected cells to undergo apoptosis (cell suicide) and aid macrophages in locating and ingesting pathogens by phagocytosis.
List at least 3 requirements of vaccines.
What are 1)low level of adverse side effects, 2) protect against wild form of pathogen, 3) trigger both the antibody-mediated, B-cell dependent humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response, T-cells dependent cellular immune response 4) Produce long-lasting memory, 5) not require lots of boosters, 6) affordable, 7) shelf stable, 8) easy to administer.
Explain the Acronym for Phagocytosis and identify the stage and role of a phagolysosome formed.
What is .. C (Chemostaxis), A (Adherence), I (Ingestion), K (Killing), and E (elimination)?
A phagolysosome is form during the 'Killing' stage when the pathogen containing phagosome joins the digestive enzyme containing lysosome.