Respiratory System Introduction
Prevents food from entering the trachea when swallowing
What is the epiglottis?
This area in the brain works to smooth the transition between inspiration and expiration.
What is the pontine respiratory control center?
The enzyme present in erythocytes that helps catalyze the formation of carbonic acid.
What is carbonic anhydrase?
The 2 primary lymphoid organs.
What are the bone marrow and thymus?
T cells bind to antigens at small regions referred to as ________.
What are antigenic determinants?
In the lungs, lobes are further divided into ____________, each supplied by its own tertiary bronchus and pulmonary artery.
What are bronchopulmonary segments?
3 factors that affect resistance to airflow in the respiratory system.
1) Size of the airways
2) Alveolar surface tension
3) Compliance of the thoracic wall
A gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its __________ and ___________.
What are solubility and partial pressure?
Unique lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb lipids and lipid soluble vitamins.
What are lacteals?
The 4 signs of inflammation.
What are redness, heat, pain and swelling?
The three contributing components to the respiratory membrane.
What are
1) Type I Alveolar cell
2) Basement Membrane
3) Capillary endothelial cell
Why does PCO2 have a greater influence over ventiliation compared to PO2?
CO2 is more detectable by central and chemoreceptors due to its increase solubility in the blood plasma, while most O2 is bound to hemoglobin, and is therefore less detectable
During internal respiration, oxygen moves from the _______ into the _________.
What are the systemic capillaries and tissues.
The process of the thymus gradually shrinking that begins after an individual completes puberty.
What is thymic involution?
These cells posses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II. (Name each cell)
1) Macrophages
2) Activated B cells
3) Dendritic cells
The 3 primary functions of the respiratory system and 1 accessory function.
What are
1) Take in O2
2) Remove CO2
3) Maintain blood pH
Accessory: Speech production, sense odor, straining
Three higher brain centers outside of the respiratory control center that can influence ventilation.
What are the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system?
A) An increased respiratory rate that exceeds the body's metabolic demand, resulting in higher PO2 and lower PCO2.
B) How does this affect blood pH?
A) Hyperventilation
B) Blood pH increases --> more basic (alkaline)
This lymphatic trunk helps drain fluid from the right upper limb.
What is the right subclavian trunk?
These proteins are only secreted by cells infected with viruses. They can function as cytokines and chemokines.
What are interferons?
The structures of the conducting zone that air must travel through to reach the respiratory zone. In order beginning with the nasal cavity. (Include the branches of the bronchial tree)
What are the
Nasal cavity --> Nasopharynx --> Oropharnyx --> Laryngopharynx --> Larynx --> trachea --> Primary bronchus --> Secondary bronchus --> Tertiary Bronchus --> Bronchiole --> Terminal Bronchiole
A) Describe the muscles that relax and contract during forced inspiration. B) How does thoracic volume and lung pressure change? C) What direction is airflow?
A) Relax: none Contract: External Intercostal muscles, Diaphragm, Accessory neck muscles
B) Thoracic volume increases, Lung pressure decreases
C) Airflows into the lungs
How does decreased blood flow into the pulmonary capillaries (perfusion) lead to changes in ventilation?
Decrease blood flow --> less alveolar CO2 --> bronchoconstriction --> Decreased ventilation
The 3 general functions of the lymphatic system.
1) Drain body fluids and return them to the bloodstream
2) Maturation and transportation of immune cells
3) Transport of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins from the gut
In the cortex of the thymus, thymocytes learn ________. In the medulla of the thymus, thymocytes learn ____________.
What are immunocompetance and self-tolerance?