Chapter 10
The 5 Stages of Mitosis
What are Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase?
In meiosis, this event introduces genetic variation by exchanging segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
What is crossing over?
This term describes the observable characteristics of an organism, influenced by its genetics and sometimes by environmental factors.
What is Phenotype?
This molecule is a polymer of nucleotides and consists of two strands, with each nucleotide containing a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.
What is DNA?
This condition results from the breakdown of mechanisms regulating the cell cycle, often due to changes in DNA that affect regulatory genes, leading to uncontrolled cell division.
What is Cancer?
The phases of Interphase.
What are G1, S, and G2?
In this stage of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes form a tetrad and exchange genetic material through crossing over.
What is prophase I?
Someone who does not have any symptoms of the disease, but who passed the disease on to subsequent generations because they are a heterozygote.
Who is a carrier?
This model of DNA replication, which was later confirmed, suggests that the two strands of the double helix separate and each strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand.
What is the semi-conservative model?
This type of cross involves breeding an individual with an unknown genotype to a homozygous recessive individual in order to determine whether the unknown parent is a homozygote or heterozygote.
What is a Test Cross.
The process that divide prokaryotic cells.
What is Binary Fission?
In this stage of meiosis II, sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.
What is anaphase II?
This type of cross involves fertilization between two true-breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic and results in offspring with the same genotype.
What is a monohybrid cross?
In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division, this essential process ensures that the genetic material is copied and allocated to each daughter cell.
What is DNA Replication?
This type of plant always produces offspring with the same phenotype when self-fertilized and is homozygous for the trait.
What is a true-breeding plant?
List where the 3 Checkpoints of the cell cycle are.
What are G1/S, G2/M, and Late Metaphase?
1. Cell "decides" to divide
2. Assesses success of DNA replication
3. Cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle
This type of cell division involves pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, and the reduction of chromosome number by half.
What is meiosis?
This law, proposed by Gregor Mendel, states that each parent passes one of two alleles for a particular trait randomly to their offspring, supporting the observed 3:1 phenotypic ratio in pea plants.
What is the Law of Segregation?
This enzyme extends the ends of chromosomes by using an RNA template to ensure the replication of the telomeres, which DNA polymerase cannot fully replicate on its own.
What is telomerase?
During DNA replication, this strand is synthesized continuously, while the other is synthesized in short segments known as Okazaki fragments.
What is the leading strand?
The phase in which cells enter after they exit the cell cycle when they are not actively preparing to divide.
What is G0 Phase?
Unlike this process, which produces genetically identical daughter cells, meiosis results in four genetically unique haploid cells.
What is mitosis?
Mendel's law that states genes are inherited independently of one another, allowing for all possible combinations of alleles to occur with equal likelihood.
What is the law of independent assortment?
This type of permanent change in the DNA sequence can be caused by replication errors, environmental factors, or mutations in repair genes, and may lead to conditions such as cancer.
What is a mutation?
Insertions or deletions of nucleotides may result in a shift in the reading frame or an insertion of a stop codon.
What is Frameshift Mutation?