Chapter 10
Chapter 11&12
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Chapter 14
Chapter 15
100
The ______________ refers to the synapse btw a somatic motor neuron and a muscle fiber, while _______________ refers to the synapse/site btw autonomic postganglionic neuron and a visceral effector.
Neuromuscular junction, Neuroeffector junction.
100
Name the 3 structures of the sarcomere that become shorter when muscle is contracted
The length of the sarcomere itself, the H zone, and the I band
100
What is a motor unit?
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
100
The heart sounds when listening with a stethoscope is “lubb dupp”. What is happening in the heart that causes these sounds?
“Lubb” = Atrioventricular valves closing
“Dupp” = Semilunar valves closing
100
Explain the respiratory pump and how it increases venous return?
Breathing in causes diaphragm to push down on the abdominal cavity which causes the blood from the abdominal veins to move upwards to the thoracic veins and eventually into the right atrium increasing the volume of venous blood returning to the heart.
200
Adrenaline is a ________ (agonist or antagonist) for _______ (cholinergic or adrenergic) receptors.
Agonist, Adrenergic receptors.
200
One of these is false regarding smooth muscle:
Source of most calcium is extracellular space
Highly branched and non-striated
Source of calcium is sarcoplasmic reticulum
false: source of calcium is sarcoplasmic reticulum
200
compare and contrast what the SNS and PNS pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers release
SNS and PNS pre-ganglionic fibers release Acetylcholine
SNS post-ganglionic fibers release Norepinephrine
PNS post-ganglionic fibers release Acetylcholine
200
Label the structures, 4,6,13,& 11
4 - tricuspid valve
6 - Pulmonary semilunar valve
11 - Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
13 - Aortic semilunar valve
200
The pulse pressure is the difference between _______ pressure and ________ pressure.
systolic and diastolic
300
Where do the nerve fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system originate?
Sympathetic > thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord.
Parasympathetic > cranial & sacral regions.
300
What is rigor mortis/complex?
It is a complex in which the muscles remain contracted after death due to depleted resources of ATP, causing the myosin to stay attached to the actin.
300
What are the characteristics of fenestrated capillaries? Give an example of where it can be found in the body
- pores > increased permeability than continuous capillaries
- found where filtration is needed
- ex. kidneys, small intestine, endocrine organs
300
The SA node works at 70 bpm while the AV node at 50 bpm and has an impulse delay of 0.1 sec (100 msec), why is there a delay?
The delay is there in order to allow complete depolarization and contraction of the atria so all the blood empties into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract
300
Compare and contrast between heat application and ice pack application (what happens to blood vessels)
Heat application > causes vasodilation > promotes blood flow to particular area
Ice pack application > causes vasoconstriction > reduces swelling and counteracts histamine-induced vasodilation
400
What is the purpose of Antagonists?
They bind to the specific neurotransmitter's receptor but produce no response > it's meant to prevent the neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor & causing a response
400
(a) A long distance runner has more of which types of muscle fibers?
(b)How do they synthesize ATP?
(a) They have more slow-oxidative fibers
(b) via oxidative phosphorylation
400
What is lo?
it is the optimal muscle length at which maximal tension can be developed
400
What is the term for uncoordinated excitation and contraction causing irregular heart rhythms?
Arrhythmia. (fibrillation is an extreme case of rapid, randomized contractions)
400
What is the formula used to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
MAP = diastolic + ⅓ (pulse pressure) = mmHg
500
How do skeletal muscles relax?
Acetylcholinesterase (an enzyme located in the end plate membrane, breaks down Ach > renders it ineffective > terminates end plate potential > stops propagation of action potentials > muscles relax)
500
Identify this performance enhancing drug:
- hormone growth of cells by enhancing growth via cell division (mitosis)
- in athletes it increases muscle mass but minimal increase in muscle strength
- if there is too much > leads to gigantism
- if there is too little > leads to dwarfism
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
500
What happens if the SA node (70 bpm) experiences a problem and stops working?
The AV node takes over and sends the signals but the heart beats at a slower pace of 50 bpm
500
List the 5 stages of the Cardiac cycle
step 1: Passive Ventricular filling
step 2: Atrial contraction
step 3: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
step 4: Ventricular ejection
Step 5: Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
500
When sitting up quickly from a supine position, the cardiac output increases because of a change in gravity, which results in increased heart rate and ultimately increased blood pressure. What is the mechanism responsible for the increase?
The Baroreceptor reflex