Cardiovascular & Respiratory
Name the heart’s pacemaker.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
What are lymph nodes?
Small, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph
Name the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Ureter
What does the CNS include?
Brain and spinal cord
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining internal stability within narrow limits
What does the pulmonary vein carry?
Oxygenated blood
What is the role of lymph in immunity?
Transports white blood cells and removes foreign matter
What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies fats for easier digestion
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger released into the bloodstream
What hormone controls blood glucose?
Insulin
What is the function of the AV valves?
To prevent backflow of blood between atria and ventricles
Define specific vs non-specific immunity.
Specific immunity targets particular pathogens; non-specific is a general defense
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
Small intestine
What gland produces adrenaline?
Adrenal medulla
What is ADH’s main function?
Reduces water loss by increasing water reabsorption in kidneys
Which blood vessel carries blood out of the left ventricle?
Aorta
What’s the function of a macrophage?
Engulfs and digests foreign substances and pathogens
What are the 3 steps of urine formation?
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete through ducts
How does the body respond to high CO₂ levels?
Increases breathing rate and heart rate to remove CO₂
Explain the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between heart and lungs; systemic circulation moves oxygenated blood from heart to body and returns deoxygenated blood
What is the difference between B and T lymphocytes?
B cells produce antibodies; T cells destroy infected cells and regulate immune responses
What structure filters blood in the kidney?
The nephron (specifically, the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule)
Name 3 anterior pituitary hormones and their roles.
TSH (stimulates thyroid), ACTH (stimulates adrenal cortex), GH (promotes growth)
Explain negative vs positive feedback with examples.
Negative feedback reverses changes (e.g., body temp control); positive feedback enhances them (e.g., childbirth contractions)