Nutrition and Digestion
What is peristalsis?
rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall
of the canal
Why is surface area:Volume ratio important?
Surface Area allows for diffusion. If the ratio is too high, you cannot diffuse fast enough.
What are the types of valves?
The 2 atrioventricular (AV) valves separate each atrium and ventricle
The 2 semilunar valves control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery
How do you calculate partial pressure?
Pgas = Concentration x Barometric Pressure
What's the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system. What are their relative speeds?
The endocrine system secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses than the nervous system including reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior
The nervous system conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signals regulate other cells
What are the four classes of essential nutrients required by cells and must be obtained by dietary sources?
1. Essential amino acids
2. Essential fatty acids
3. Vitamins
4. Minerals
What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
In insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs, blood bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory system.
What is the heart cycle?
Atrial and ventricular diastole
Atrial systole; ventricular diastole
ventricular systole; atrial diastole
What are the mammal respiratory characteristics.
Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs
Lung volume increases as the rib muscles and diaphragm contract
What are the secreted chemical signals?
1. Hormones
2. Local regulators
3. Neurotransmitters
4. Neurohormones
5. Pheromones
What are the four types of feeders?
1. Suspension Feeders
2. Substrate Feeders
3. Fluid Feeders
4. Bulk Feeders
What are the three basic components of a circulatory system?
A circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
A set of tubes (blood vessels)
A muscular pump (the heart)
What is the direction of the heart current?
Sinoatrial Node
Atrioventricular Node
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers
What are the bird respiratory characteristics
Lungs don’t inflate
• Gas exchange occurs when air sacs force air across the parabronchi
• Passage of air through the entire system takes two breaths
• Birds have highly efficient gas exchange at the lungs
How is blood glucose controlled through hormones?
What is the Digestive Tract?
Oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
large intestine
What's the difference between a single and a double circuit?
Single circuit: blood is pumped to the respiratory surfaces so it can dump CO2 and pick up O2 for delivery directly to tissues; Low pressure throughout
Double circuits (aka double circulation):
• Low pressure circuit: blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for exchange of gases
• High pressure circuit: blood is pumped from the heart through the body for delivery of gases to tissues (waste gas—CO2—is delivered back to lungs for removal).
What are the characteristics of the blood vessels?
Capillaries have thin walls and are lined with the endothelium plus its basement membrane to facilitate the exchange of materials
Arteries have thicker walls than veins to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart
What is the amphibian respiratory characteristics?
Using positive pressure lungs inflate
• Nostrils and mouth close and oral cavity floor rises
• Air forced down trachea
• During exhalation the air is
expelled by elastic recoil
How is nitrogen excreted in different animals?
Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes: Ammonia
Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes: Urea
Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails: Uric Acid
1. Teeth
2. Differences in the length of specific parts of the GI tract
3. mutualistic associations with symbiotic microorganisms
Track the flow of blood from the right ventricle
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
artery
capillary
veins
vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
What is the velocity in each of the blood vessels?
Velocity of blood flow is slowest in the capillary
beds, as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area
What is the respiratory pathway?
Air inhaled through the nostrils passes through the pharynx via the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs
What are the steps of the excretory system?
1. proximal tubule
2. loop of Henle
3. distal tubule
4. the collecting duct
5. out to the renal pelvis