How Genes Work
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA -> RNA: Transcription
RNA -> Protein: Translation
What is biotechnology?
What is bioinformatics?
Using computer programs to search for genes, and assemble and compare genomes
What is a Paleopolyploid?
An ancient polypoid
Name at least two of the genome projects we have talked about in class
Human genome project, cancer genome project, wheat genome project, 1000 genome project, all of us
What is a codon?
A block of 3 DNA nucleotides that corresponds to an amino acid
What are the three steps of PCR?
2. Annealing
3. DNA synthesis
What is the difference between a genetic map and a physical map?
Genetic map: relative location of genes on chromosome
Physical map: precise position of gene within the genome
Define a paralogue.
Two genes in one organism that are the result of gene duplication in an ancestor
What is synteny?
Conserved arrangement of segments of DNA in related organisms
The tRNA carriers amino acids to the ribosome to incorporate polypeptides, what are the three sites on the anticodon loop of the tRNA?
A site, P site, E site
Give me one example (that we talked about in class) of biotechnology in real life
Golden Rice
Bt & round up ready crops
mRNA vaccines
Stem cell therapy
Insulin synthesized by bacteria
Biofuels
Wastewater treatment
What is the difference between the trascriptome and the proteome?
Transcriptome: All RNA molecules produced by a genome
Proteome: All proteins produce by a genome
Define horizontal gene transfer
movement of genes between species
What is recombinant DNA?
a single DNA molecule made from two different sources
Define:
Silent Mutation
Missense Mutation
Nonsense Mutation
Silent Mutation: same amino acid inserted
Missense Mutation: Changes amino acid inserted
Nonsense Mutation: Changed to a stop codon
How doe we separate DNA fragments by size?
Gel electrophoresis
What are the two methods for assembling genome fragments?
Clone-contig assembly
Shotgun sequencing
What is a pseudogene?
What does CRISPER stand for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Transcribe and Translate the following *Coding Strand*
5' A T G G G G C G G T A T T A G 3'
DNA: T A C C C C G C C A T A A T C
mRNA: A U G G G G C G G U A U U A G
Amino Acids: Met Gly Arg Tyr STOP
Who is the parent of the child? (see picture from Dr. Fortunato)
Dad #3
There were 8 different kinds of noncoding DNA that we discussed in class. Name 5 of them.
1. Introns
2. Structural DNA
3. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)
4. Segmental Duplication
5. Psuedogenes
6. Transposable Elements
7. MicroRNA
8. Long, noncoding RNA
What is the difference between neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization
Neofunctionalization: novel function
Subfunctionalization: partitioned function
Transcribe and Translate the following *Coding Strand*
5' A T G A A C T G C T G A 3'
DNA: T A C T T G A C G A C T
mRNA: A U G A A C U G C U G A
Amino Acids: Met Asn Cys STOP