Genes w/in Populations
What is evolution and what does it result in?
"descent with modification"
The change in allele frequencies over time
What is a vestigial structure?
a structure that has no apparent function but resemble structures ancestors possesed
What is speciation?
The process by which new species arise
What is systematics?
The study of evolutionary relationships
What are the two hardy weinberg equations?
p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1
What are the 3 conditions for natural selection to occur?
1. Phenotypic variation
2. Differences in fitness
3. Trait must be heritable
What are pseudogenes?
Genes that have lost function but are still found in the genome
Contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation
allopatric: geographic separation = speciation
sympatric: speciation occurs without geographic separation
What is the main difference between a phylogeny and a cladogram?
Time
If the frequency of the recessive allele in the population is 0.4, then what is the frequency of the dominant allele?
0.6
Draw disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection
.
Define half-life and give me an example describing how it works.
the time it takes for 1/2 of the isotopes to decay
EX: if an element has a half-life of 20 years, in 60 years, only 1/8 will remain.
What is character displacement?
process in which two reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species come into contact, leading to differences in resource use
What is the correct order of biological classification?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
If p = 0.3 and q = 0.7, what is the frequency of heterozygotes in the population?
0.42
What is the difference between negative and positive frequency-dependent selection?
Negative: Rare phenotype is favored
Positive: Common phenotype is favored
What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
Natural selection: trait change initiated by environmental change
Artificial selection: trait change initiated by humans
When can adaptive radiation occur?
1. few species many resources
2. after a catastrophic event
3 after the evolution of a key innovation
What is the difference between an ancestral trait and a derived trait?
Ancestral: similarities inherited from a common ancestor
Derived: traits that are shared by only a subset of species
If q = 0.3, what is the percentage of homozygous dominant individuals in the population?
What are the 5 agents of evolutionary change
1. mutation
2. Gene flow
3. Non-random mating
4. Genetic drift
5. Natural selection
What are the four main pieces of evidence for evolution?
Natural selection, fossil evidence, anatomical evidence, convergent evolution
What are the 5 prezygotic isolating mechanisms. Give an example of each
ecological
behavioral
temporal
mechanical
prevention of gamete fusion
What is the difference between a monophyly, a paraphyly, and a polyphly?
mono: group includes MRCA and all descendants
Para: group includes MRCA and some descendants
Poly: group does not include MRCA
If 40 individuals out of 100 have a recessive condition, what is the frequency of heterozygotes in the population? Round to three decimal places.
0.465