History
In 1953, her creation of the famous Photo 51 using x-ray crystallography demonstrated the double-helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid
Rosalind Franklin
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized
Replication fork
Theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
Central dogma
The third and final binding site for t-RNA in the ribosome during translation, a part of protein synthesis
E site
A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway
Operon
In their 1952 experiment, they concluded that protein was not genetic material, and that DNA was genetic material
Hershey and Chase
A enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template
Primase
The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairings, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
Template strand
The three stop codons
UGA, UAG, UAA
Contain specific DNA sequences that are called hormone response elements (HREs)
Target genes
His 1928 experiment with bacterium was the first to reveal the “transforming principle,” which led to the discovery that DNA acts as the carrier of genetic information
Frederick Griffith
A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication; many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
Okazaki fragments
In transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA
Start point
The synthesis of a polypeptide using genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule; there is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids
Translation
Regulates gene expression by recruiting proteins involved in gene repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription factor(s) to DNA
DNA methylation
In 1950, he reported that in DNA, the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are equal
Erwin Chargaff
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; when the cell is not dividing, this exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope
Chromatin
A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex
TATA box
Serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Generic term for a region of DNA, such as a promoter or enhancer adjacent to (or within) a gene that allows the regulation of gene expression by the binding of transcription factors
Control element
In September 1957, he gave a lecture in which he outlined key ideas about gene function, in particular what he called the central dogma
Francis Crick
An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides
Nuclease
Of the 64 codons, ___ represent amino acids, and the remaining three represent stop signals, which trigger the end of protein synthesis
61
A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
Anti-codon
A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes
Ubiquitin