Phylogeny
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary history and relationships of organisms.
Highest taxonomic rank?
Domain
Evolution in population genetics is defined as...?
A change in allele frequency over time.
Main source of new genetic variation?
Mutation
What is Darwinian fitness?
An individual's contribution of offspring to the next generation.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Scientific naming system?
Binomial nomenclature
What is a gene pool?
The sum of all alleles in a population.
What is genetic drift?
Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance.
Directional selection?
Selection favors one extreme phenotype.
Difference between homologous and analogous structures?
Homologous structures share a common evolutionary ancestor; analogous structures have similar functions but evolved independently.
Correct taxonomic order?
Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
What is allele frequency?
The proportion of a specific allele within a population.
What is the founder effect?
A new population is established by a small number of individuals, changing allele frequencies.
Stabilizing selection?
Selection favors the intermediate phenotype.
What is a clade?
A group of organisms that descended from a single common ancestor.
What is systematics?
The study and classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
No mutation, no migration, no natural selection, random mating, and an infinitely large population.
What is the bottleneck effect?
A drastic reduction in population size that changes allele frequencies by chance.
Diversifying selection?
Selection favors both extreme phenotypes over the intermediate.
What is maximum parsimony?
The principle that the simplest evolutionary explanation requiring the fewest changes is most likely correct.
What are sister taxa?
Two lineages that share the most recent common ancestor.
Hardy-Weinberg equations?
p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1
What is gene flow?
The movement of alleles into or out of a population through migration.
Frequency-dependent selection?
Fitness depends on how common or rare a phenotype is within a population.