Suglia et. al
Urban Black and Hispanic pregnant women
In contrast to homeostatic systems such as blood oxygen, blood pH, and body temperature, allostatic (adaptive) systems have much narrower or broader boundaries?
broader
What is another name for the recurrence of viral infections including the herpes viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
(HINT: it is a section heading in the Godbout & Glaser paper)
Latent virus reactivation
What happens to telomeres exposed to stress?
They are shortened
What was the dependent variable in this study?
Cortisol patterns
Name two of four types of allostatic loads:
1. repeated hits
2. lack of adaptation
3. prolonged response
4. inadequate response
Stress-induced immune dysfunction is associated with increases both in _____ and _____ of an infectious disease.
Severity and duration
Stressors activate which two systems?
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
List two of the four psychosocial stress domains measured in this study, which contributed to the cumulative stress measure:
Interpersonal violence, community violence, discrimination, other negative life events (e.g. legal, relationship, medical & housing)
Name two behavioral/lifestyle factors that can affect allostasis:
HPA axis promotes the circulation of which hormones? (HINT: what does GC stand for?)
Glucocorticoid hormones
List several (3) effects of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system on the body:
Increasing heart rate, increase in blood pressure, elevated glucose metabolism, slows digestion, slows growth, inhibits reproduction, blunts pain, speeds aging, immune dysfunction
What did the authors mention as one explanation for the difference between Hispanic and Black women's cortisol patterns?
Increased social support and coping strategies among Hispanic women
The core of the body's response to a challenge includes two components. What are they?
Turning on the allostatic response and subsequently turning it off when the stressor has passed.
Psychological stress significantly prolongs wound-healing time through what mechanism? Describe it:
The reduction of the cell-mediated inflammatory response at the wound site
What is the difference in physiologic response when a stressor is perceived as a threat/harm vs as a challenge?
The HPA axis is not activated in the latter
It was hypothesized that a greater number of stressors which would result in what type of cortisol pattern (i.e. lowest cortisol levels what time of day? shape of diurnal pattern of cortisol?)
lower morning cortisol levels and a flatter diurnal pattern of cortisol
If inactivation of allostatic response is unsuccessful/ineffective, what is the more immediate (i.e. not a disease) biological consequence?
overexposure to stress hormones
High serum levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 have been linked to risks for several conditions, such as... (name 2):
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, mental health complications, and some types of cancer
What is one possible connection between stress and cancer?
The reactivation of latent tumor promoting viruses; a reduction in the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells, both of which target abnormally growing cells for destruction; a shift in the balance from a Th1 toward a Th2 cytokine profile which may enable virus replication, thereby increasing the frequency of tumor promotion