Respiration System
Osmoregulation
Nervous System
Kidneys
Exam Questions and Past Exams
100
What is the difference between negative and positive pressure breathing? What animals perform each breathing technique?
Positive Pressure Breathing: The lungs get filled with air by pushing the air back into their lungs. For example, Modern Amphibians Negative Pressure Breathing: This happens by sucking the air into the lungs. For example, Humans, Dinosaurs, lizards, and Birds
100
What are all the internal fluids in the body ?
Intracellular Fluid Interstitial Fluid Blood Lymph Coelomic
100
What are the three type of Glial cells and their function?
Astrocytes- Supports neurons Microglia- inside the brain and spina cord and acts as a defense against virus and bacteria in the central nervous system. Ependymal cells- form barrier between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. It keeps stuff out of your brain.
100
What are the function of the vertebrate kidneys and why is it needed?
The function is to filter the blood to get rid of toxics and waste products from the blood.
100
19. Give the phylum name for each of the following: a. human b. planarian c. spider d. round worms e. jellyfish f. Clams h. Segmented worms i. Sharks j. Sponges
19.a. Chordata b. Platyhelminthes c. Arthropoda d. Nematoda e. Cnidara f. Mollusks h. Annelids i. Chordata j. Porifera
200
Explain the similarities and differences between the gills and the lungs.
Similarities: Thin Membranes, High vascularized, High surface area, and moist Differences: - Gills: Exchange( diffusion) gas between water and blood. - Lungs: Internal sacs where the diffusion is between the air and blood
200
1. What is the diffusion and and osmosis ? 2. Why do animals do osmsoregulation?
Diffusion: net movement of any substance from a area of high to low concentration Osmosis: the net movement of water forma area of high to low concentration Animals perform osmosis regulation to fight diffusion and osmosis.
200
Explain and describe the giant axon.
The giant axons have faster potentials because the contain special glial cells that speed up the movement of information through them. The glial cell wrap around the axons and myelin sheaths that are white lipids in your body. The speed goes faster then 120 m/sec. The action potential or depolarization and speed along the axon. The cells that make up the myelin sheath is Schwann cells in your PNS and the oligodendendrocytes in the central nervous system.
200
What are the kidneys composed of and what are the functions of it?
The kidneys are composed of nephrons. Nephrons filter the blood, reabsorption, active serection.
200
Explain the process of transcription, translation and replication.
Translation is creating a new polypeptide chain from the mRNA using a molecule. The ribosome and tRN performed the translation process.Transcription is creating an DNA strand to pre-mRNA. This is performed using RNA polymerase. The replication is creating a new DNA strand from an old DNA strand. The enzyme used is DNA polymerase.
300
1. What are the all the processes in Aerobic Respiration? 2. What is Anaerobic Respiration and the muscle that performs it ? 3. What is the overall equation for Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration ?
1. Aerobic: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Anaerobic: Glycolysis alone. Muscle that performs it is Skeletal Muscles. 2. Glucose + Oxygen---------- Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP Glucose + ADP --------------- Some ATP + Pyruvate
300
What does hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic in terms of animals to the environment ?
The salt water has about 3 to 0.3 % of salt, and most animals has about 1 to 3%. Hypertonic: The fish has salts going to their body and water leave the fish. This is because the water has a high concentration of salt compared to the fish. Hypertonic: The fish has water going into the body and the salts leave the fish. The water has a lower concentration of salt compared to the fish. Isotonic: The fish and the water has an about equal concentration of salt and water. Therefore the fish are isotonic with the environment.
300
Draw and label a normal neuron structure, and a neuron at resting potential.
See White Board.
300
What is the difference between the blood in the renal artery and the blood the renal vein?
The renal artery is blood is highly oxygenated and not filtered and the rank vein is not oxygenated and is filtered.
300
14. Fill in the best terms. a. A set of vessels that connect one capillary bed to another capillary bed is referred to as ___________________ b) The innermost lining of the walls of your arteries is called the _________________ c) A heart chamber found in amphibian hearts but not mammal hearts is the __________________ d. Most arthropods that live in the ocean are (isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic) compared to the sea water. e. Inside skeletal muscle cells, ______________ ions are released from storage areas causing contraction of the cell.
14. a. portal system b. endothelium c. conus arteriosus or sinus venosus d. isotonic e. calcium
400
1. Describe when hemoglobin attaches to oxygen. 2. Describe the structures of Hemoglobin, and the connect to malaria. (as detailed as possible).
1. Hemoglobin attaches to oxygen when the [Oxygen] is high. Hemoglobin release Oxygen when the [Oxygen] is low. 2. Hemoglobin has a alpha and beta chains. When a person is homozygous for A and B chains, they are normal, and the hemoglobin is full functional. When a person is heterozygous for the A chain and the S chain, the person has normal hemoglobin, but a carrier for the weirdly shaped hemoglobin. The people with two s chains have hemoglobin that are different bent shape, are very sticky, and carry oxygen less efficiency. It can cause a lot of health problems. This what sickle cell anemia is called. The S chain of gives resistances to malaria. Malaria is caused by a protist named plasmodium using mosquitoes as a vector, and humans as a host.
400
Name and describe the different forms of waste.
Ammonia: Toxic, needs a lot of water, and doesn't cost energy to get rid of. Urea: Somewhat toxic , need some water and cost a little bit of energy to produce. Uric acid: Not toxic, very costly in energy, and takes almost no water to get rid of it on the body.
400
Explain how psychotropic molecules work, and give examples of some psychotropic molecules.
The psychotropic molecules work because the molecules affect the events of a synapse in the brain, and also the amount of neurotransmitters released. They also affect the number of receptors on the dendrites. It can mimic neurotransmitters like dopamine and endorphins. The two different types of molecules are tetrahydrocanabinol (THC), and hallucinogens( LSD, mescoine, and psilocybin). The THC can affect synapses, and LSD, mescoine, psilocybin can bind t certain receptors and mimic neural transmitters.
400
What is the loop of henule? Which animals has the longer loop of henule the river otter or the sea otter?
The function of the loop of henule is to be the reabsorption of water and sodium chloride. The more water is in the waste the more build up of high solutes concentrations aThe River otter has the longer loop of henule.
400
18. Write in the best answer for each. a) The enzymes that read DNA and produce mRNA are called_________________ b) The process of making an mRNA molecule based on a sequence in DNA is called ___________________ c) Each human ovum normally has how many autosomes? ___________ d) The cell that begins meiosis to produce sperm is called a ______________________ e) Any group of organisms that contains the common ancestor and all of its descendants is called a __________________ group f) During mRNA processing, the sections removed are called____________
18. a. RNA polymerase b. transcription c. 22 d. primary spermatocyte e. monophyletic f. intron
500
Draw, label and describe a functional body and lung capillaries.
See White Board
500
1. What is the problem and solutions for Marine Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Amniotes, Mammals? Explain the problem and solutions for Freshwater Animal?
Marine Osteichthyes: Problem- it is hypotonic Solution- Barrier (Integument) Marine Chondrichthyes: Problem---Hypotonic Solution: thick layer of keratin keeps the water in and salts out. Kidneys, and salt glands. Marine mammals: Problem: hypotonic solution: Keratin, and very efficient pair of kidneys Fresh water animals: Problem: Hypertonic Solution: Barrier, and kidneys that make dilute urine
500
Draw and label a detailed picture of action potential in the axon terminal and the dendrities. Also please explain the process.
See white board.
500
Draw, label and describe the function of each part of a nephron.
See the white board.
500
21. (8pts) Suppose that an individual of some beetle species has 2N=8 and the genotype AABBddEe. a. If one cell from this organism does mitosis one time, how many chromosomes will be in each cell produced?________________ b.What will be the genotype of each of these cells________________________________________.
21. a. 8 b. AABBddEe
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