Cells
What are the three parts of cell theory?
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
a. Unicellular (singe-cell-like bacteria:
b. Multicellular (like us) where they work together to form complex life
2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
3. New cells come from existing cells
Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles that helps to create different regions in the cell (compartmentalizations):
Benefits
- Incompatible reactions can be separated
- Increases surface area (which does what?) increases efficiency
- Allows reactants to be concentrated to where the reactions are that allows it to make a product.
What is a polymer?
It is a group of repeated monomers. Monomers are the subunits of a polymer.
What is it called when the removal of water happens to form a chemical bond between two monomers?
It is called the dehydration reaction and it creates a polymer
Dehydration reaction: polymer synthesis.
This is when water is lost. This is called elongation.
What are the 4 basic features that cells have?
1. Ribosomes (synthesize proteins)
2. Plasma membrane/ cellular membrane (macromolecules of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins)
3. Cytoplasm (the jelly or liquid in the cell that holds everything in there)
4. Nucleic acids (macromolecule- DNA and RNA) genetic material
Hydrolysis reaction: polymer breakdown
This is when water is added.
High permeability Gasses (like oxygen and CO2)
Very small uncharged molecules like ethanol
Moderate permeability Small size but polar: water
Low Permeability Mostly barred: polar organic molecules (sugar)
Very Low permeability Ions (Na+, K+)
Charged polar molecules (amino acids, ATP, polysaccharide, nucleic acid)
Why do we care about surface area to volume ratio?
Nutrients getting into cells: a higher SA/v ratio = more efficiency
We can tell the function of the cell by how it looks
Endomembrane system: what does it do?
- manufactures, swaps, recycles material
- Rough ER- proteins (sorting), inserts membrane proteins
- Smooth ER- lipid synthesis and modification and responsible for liver detoxification. It is also responsible for storing calcium ions
- Nucleos
- Nucleic envelope connects to the rough ER
One of the factors that affect the ability of solutes to cross a lipid bilayer is size meaning...
a. Small solutes diffuse faster
b. Large solutes diffuse slower
One of the factors that affect the ability of solutes to cross a lipid bilayer is polarity meaning...
a. Non-polar- diffuse very quickly
b. Polar- diffuse slower
One of the factors that affect the ability of solutes to cross a lipid bilayer is charge meaning...
a. Non charged molecules will diffuse faster than charged
Do prokaryotes have DNA, organelles, neither, or both?
All cell share DNA, they do not have organelles.
- Prokaryotes have cells walls (plants do as well)
- Capsule can also be called Glycocalyx- prevents desiccation (viscous layer outside the cell wall)
What does hydrophobic mean?
It means they hate water.
Components to membranes?
1. Phospholipids
2. Carbohydrates
a. Glycolipids (carb attached to lipid)
b. Glycoproteins (carbs attached to a protein)
3. Proteins: 3 types of them the thing that can span over the membrane or on top of it
4. Cholesterol: only in animals
Hypotonic
the solution has a lower concentration outside of the cell
Hypertonic
the solution has a higher concentration outside of the cell
Plants and animals contain what type of cells? Are fungi and protis part of this?
Eukaryotic cells, yes
Unsaturated or Saturated
Low melting point, Liquid at room temperature, Plant fats like olive oil and cold fish, Double bond, Pack less density
Unsaturated
Unsaturated or Saturated
Densely packaged, Animal fats, Single bond, solid at room temperature, High melting point
Saturated
Passive transport
(does not need the energy) and driven by a concentration gradient Simple diffusion: movement of solute molecules from an area of high to low concentration
We consider bio molecules semi permeable:
Three factors that affect the ability of solutes to cross a lipid bilayer
Size, Polarity, Change